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TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ > Viruses ✅ > Flashcards

Viruses ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common cause of human infection?

A

Viruses

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2
Q

How big are viruses?

A

20-300nm

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3
Q

Can viruses be visualised with a light microscope?

A

No

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4
Q

What are viruses dependent on?

A

Host cells

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5
Q

Why are viruses dependent on cells?

A

They are unable to synthesise their own enegy or proteins, and so are dependent on the host cells to replicate it

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6
Q

What is a single virus particle known as?

A

Virion

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7
Q

What can happen within hours of a virion infecting a cell?

A

It can replicate to produce hundrens of virions

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8
Q

What does the rapid replication of a virion inside a cell allow?

A

Viruses to spread rapidly from cell to cell

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9
Q

What do viruses consist of structurally?

A

Core of nucleic acid surrounded by the capsid

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10
Q

What is the capsid?

A

A protective coating

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11
Q

What is the capsid made up of?

A

Repeating subunits (capsomeres)

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12
Q

What do the capsomeres of a virus determine?V

A

Viral geometric symmetry

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13
Q

What are the potential forms of viral geometric symmetry?

A
  • Helical

- Icosahedral

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14
Q

What does the capsid mediate?

A

The attachment of the virus to specific host cell receptors

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15
Q

What is the implication of the capsid mediating attachment to specific host cell receptors?

A

It defines the species and organ specificity of the virus

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16
Q

What might the capsid of a virus induce in the host?

A

Host immune response

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17
Q

What does the nucleic acid of a virus contain?

A

The genome

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18
Q

Delete

A

Delete

19
Q

What is the capsid and the genome of a virus collectively known as?

A

The nucleocapsid

20
Q

What is the capsid of a virus sometimes covered by?

A

A lipoprotein envelope

21
Q

What does the lipoprotein envelope surrounding some viruses consist of?

A
  • Lipid envelope

- Glycoprotein spikes

22
Q

What is the lipid envelope of some viruses derived from?

A

The host cell membrane

23
Q

What is the purpose of glycoprotein spikes on the lipoprotein envelope of some viruses?

A

It aids attachment to the host cell

24
Q

How do viruses with a glycoprotein envelope compare to those without?

A

Viurses WITH the envelope are LESS STABLE

25
Q

Give an example of an enveloped virus?

A

RSV

26
Q

In what way are enveloped viruses less stable than those without?

A
  • Dry out rapidly in the environment

- Easily inactivated by detergent and alcohol

27
Q

Give 2 viruses without an envelope

A
  • Rotavirus

- Norwalk virus

28
Q

What is the classification of viruses based on?

A
  • Viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
  • Capsid
  • Presence of envelope
29
Q

What features of the capsid of a virus can classification be based on?

A
  • Size

- Symmetry

30
Q

What are the potenital consequences of viral infection of a host cell?

A
  • Cell death
  • Fusion of host cells
  • Malignant transforation
  • Chronic carriage
  • Latent infection
31
Q

How can viruses cause cell death?

A

Inhibition of host cell protein synthesis while allowing ongoing viral protein synthesis

32
Q

What can be used to visualise cell death caused by viruses?

A

Light microscopy

33
Q

How can cell death caused by viruses be visualised by light microscopy?

A

As the cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell cultures

34
Q

What is formed by fusion of host cells caused by viruses?

A

Multinucleated giant cells

35
Q

Where can multinucleated giant cells caused by viruses be visualised?

A

In cell cultures

36
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes fusion of host cells?

A

RSV

37
Q

How can viruses lead to malignant transformation?

A

By causing unrestrained growth, prolonged survival, and morphological changes of the cell

38
Q

Give an example of a virus that can cause malignant transformation

A

HPV

39
Q

When can chronic carriage of a virus occur?

A

When there is viral replication without killing of the host cell

40
Q

What might disease result from in chronic virus carriage?

A
  • Direct damage from virus itself

- Host inflammatory response against viral antigens

41
Q

When does latent viral infection occur?

A

When the virus remains within the cell but doesn’t replicate

42
Q

What group of viruses cause latent infection?

A

All herpesviruses

43
Q

What happens following primary infection with varicella zoster virus?

A

It enters a latent phase

44
Q

What does VZV cause when reactivated?

A

Shingles

TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ (14 decks)

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