Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ > Immunisation ✅ > Flashcards

Immunisation ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What can immunisation be broadly divided into?

A
  • Active

- Passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does active immunisation involve?

A

Administration of a foreign antigen(s) into an individual to stimulate an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does passive immunisation involve?

A

Administrating protective immune components themselves, usually specific antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of active immunisations?

A
  • Live, attenuated vaccines
  • Inactivated vaccines
  • Subunit vaccines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give 3 examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • MMR
  • Rotavirus
  • BCG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do live attenuated vaccines contain?

A

Modified organisms which replicate but do not cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do live attenuated vaccines work?

A

They induce a protective immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the advantages of live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Optimal immune response
  • Low amounts of antigen can be given
  • May be administered via same route as natural infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do live attenuated vaccines lead to an optimal immune response?

A

Because the immune system is exposed to antigens in the normal configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why can low amounts of antigen be given in live attenuated vaccines?

A

Because replication occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the advantage of administering live attenuated vaccines by the same route as natural infection occurs?

A

It induces local mucosal as well as systemic immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who can not have live attenuated vaccines?

A

Immunocompromised individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why can immunocompromised individuals not have live attenuated vaccines?

A

Even modified organisms may cause significant disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give 2 examples of inactivated vaccines

A
  • Inactivated polio

- Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are inactivated vaccines produced from whole organisms?

A

Chemical or heat treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between the antigens provided in inactivated vaccines compared to live attenuated vaccines?

A

In inactivated vaccines, all antigens are usually present, but usually not in their natural confirmation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is more antigen required in inactivated vaccines compared to live attenuated vaccines?

A

No replications occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are inactivated vaccines administered?

A

Generally intramuscularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the limitation of giving inactivated vaccines in immunocompromised individuals?

A

May induce a reduced immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give 4 examples of subunit vaccines

A
  • Diptheria
  • Pneumococcal
  • HPV
  • HBV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do subunit vaccines contain?

A

Only the critical antigen(s) of the organisms needed to induce an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is usually required with subunit vaccines?

A

Adjuvants to induce a sufficient immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does passive immunisation involve?

A

Administering pathogen-specific antibody after known exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When is passive immunisation used?

A
  • In individuals who are unable to mount their own immune response
  • When rapid protection is desired
25
Q

What is the limitation of passive immunisation?

A

No immune memory is generated, so the individual soon becomes susceptible again

26
Q

Give an example of a pathogen that passive immunisation may be used against?

A

Varicella zoster (VSV)

27
Q

How is passive immunisation against VZV achieved?

A

By administering varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG)

28
Q

When is passive immunisation against VZV used?

A

In non-immune, immunocompromised individuals after significant exposure to VZV

29
Q

How long does protection from VZV from passive immunisation last?

A

3-4 weeks

30
Q

By how much does passive immunisation against VZV reduce the risk of chickenpox?

A

50%

31
Q

How is VZIG produced?

A

It is a pooled blood product

32
Q

What is the result of VZIG being a pooled blood product?

A

Risks of hypersensitivity reactions and transmission of infective agents

33
Q

How have vaccines be historically produced?

A

Laboratory modification and attenuation of the pathogen

34
Q

What is the aim of clinical trails in vaccines?

A
  • Demonstrate the modified pathogen doesn’t cause disease

- Demonstrate a protective immune response occurs

35
Q

What can help identify which components of a pathogen may be protective?

A

Studies of the immune response in the blood from individuals after infection

36
Q

What is a new approach to produce vaccines?

A

Reverse vaccinology

37
Q

What has allowed the development of reverse vaccinology techniques?

A

The ability to perform sequencing of whole genomes

38
Q

How is reverse vaccinology performed?

A

Pathogen genome sequences are used to predict immunogenic components, and these sequences are used to produce recombinant proteins in vitro as a vaccine

39
Q

What was the first vaccine created from reverse vaccinology techniques?

A

Capsular group B meningococcal vaccine

40
Q

What are conjugate vaccines?

A

Vaccines where a polysaccharide antigen is linked to a carrier protein

41
Q

Why are conjugate vaccines required?

A

Polysaccharide antigens alone to do not recruit T cell help

42
Q

What is the result of polysaccharide antigens alone not recruiting T-cell help?

A
  • Do not stimulate immune response in children under 2 years of age
  • Do not lead to immunological memory and cannot be boosted
43
Q

How do conjugate vaccines work?

A

The immune system is tricked into processing the polysaccharide like a protein, engaging help from T-cells

44
Q

What is the purpose of adjuvants and multiple dosage schedules in vaccines?

A

Stimulate a protective and long-lasting immune response

45
Q

What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?

A
  • Skew the immune response in one direction or the other (e.g. increased humeral or cell-mediated immunity)
  • Increase the amplitude of the response
46
Q

What is required for persistent protection from most current vaccines?

A

Multiple doses

47
Q

What is the role of the initial dose of vaccine?

A
  • Prime the immune system

- Provide short term protection for the most vulnerable

48
Q

What is the purpose of booster doses of vaccines?

A

Generate greater responses that last longer

49
Q

How do neonates achieve protection against infections in the first few weeks of life?

A

Transplancental transfer of IgG in the third trimester

50
Q

How is herd immunity obtained?

A

High levels of vaccine coverage

51
Q

How does high levels of vaccine coverage lead to herd immunity?

A

Transmission is reduced sufficiently that even un-immunised individuals will be protected

52
Q

What does the level of vaccine coverage required to produce herd immunity depend on?

A

How infectious a pathogen is

53
Q

What happens to herd immunity if vaccination coverage levels drop?

A

Disease recurs

54
Q

What to immunisation programmes change to take into account?

A
  • Epidemiological changes
  • Disease reduction in a population
  • Availability of new cost-effective vaccines
55
Q

How are adverse effects of vaccines reported?

A

Yellow card scheme

56
Q

What are the common adverse effects of vaccines?

A
  • Pain
  • Erythema
  • Swelling
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Myalgia
  • Anorexia
57
Q

Why is post-licensure surveillance vital with vaccination?

A

To ensure that rare adverse events (which would not be apparent during clinical trials) are identified

58
Q

What is done when a rare adverse event of a vaccine is identified?

A

A risk/benefit analysis determines if a vaccine should continue to be used

TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions