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TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ > Bacteria ✅ > Flashcards

Bacteria ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of bacteria comparable to?

A

Variable - smallest similar to the largest viruses, biggest are the size of RBCs

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2
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Cocci
  • Bacilli
  • Spiral
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3
Q

What shape are cocci?

A

Round

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4
Q

What shape are bacilli?

A

Rod-like

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5
Q

What shape are spirochetes?

A

Spiral

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6
Q

What arrangements can cocci take up?

A
  • Clusters
  • Chains
  • Pairs
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7
Q

Give an example of a cocci that exists in clusters?

A

Staph aureus

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8
Q

Give an example of a cocci that exists in chains

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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9
Q

Give an example of a cocci that exists in pairs

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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10
Q

Are bacteria capable of independent metabolic existence and growth?

A

Most are

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11
Q

What are bacteria called when they are not capable of independent metabolic existence and growth?

A

Obligate intracellular pathogens

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12
Q

Give 2 bacteria that are obligate intracellular pathogens

A
  • Chlamydia

- Rickettsia

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13
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission

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14
Q

What is produced from cell division in bacteria?

A

Each cell produces 2 daughter cells

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15
Q

What is the result of each bacterial cell producing 2 daughter cells?

A

Allows exponential growth of bacterial colonies

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16
Q

How long does it take for a single bacterium to develop into a million?

A

Can be within hours

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17
Q

What is bacterial classification based on?

A
  • Gram reaction
  • Bacterial shape
  • Growth requirement
  • Presence of spores
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18
Q

What can bacteria be classified into on the basis of growth requirements?

A
  • Aerobic

- Anaerobes

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19
Q

What is the most common type of class of bacteria in terms of growth requirement?

A

Aerobes

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20
Q

What can aerobic bacteria be further divided into?

A
  • Obligate aerobes

- Faculative aerobes

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21
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Bacteria that require oxygen to grow

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22
Q

What are facultative aerobes?

A

Bacteria able to generate energy in the absence of sufficient oxygen

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23
Q

What are anaerobic bacteria?

A

Bacteria only able to grow in an atmosphere containing less than 20% oxygen

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24
Q

What can some bacteria do to survive in adverse conditions?

A

Produce spores

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25
Q

What does the generation of bacterial spores allow survival in the face of?

A

Exposure to chemicals and heat

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26
Q

Give an example of a spore forming bacteria

A

Clostridium species

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27
Q

What is the limitation of classification of bacteria based on gram staining?

A

Some do not take up the gram stain

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28
Q

Give 4 bacteria that do not take up gram stain

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia
  • Rickettsia
  • Mycobacteria
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29
Q

Why do mycoplasma not take up gram stain?

A

They have no cell wall

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30
Q

Why do chlamydia and rickettsia not take up gram stain?

A

They are intracellular bacteria

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31
Q

What staining is required to detect mycobacteria

A

Acid fast staining

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32
Q

Give 3 examples of bacteria that are;

  • Gram positive
  • Cocci
  • Aerobic
  • Non-spore forming
A
  • Staphylococci
  • Streptococci
  • Enterococci
33
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that is

  • Gram positive
  • Bacilli
  • Aerobic
  • Non-spore forming
A

Listeria

34
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that is:

  • Gram positive
  • Bacilli
  • Aerobic
  • Spore forming
A

Bacillus

35
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that is:

  • Gram positive
  • Bacilli
  • Anaerobic
  • Spore forming
A

Clostridium

36
Q

Give an example of a bacterium that is:

  • Gram negative
  • Cocci
  • Aerobic
  • Non-spore forming
A
  • Neisseria
37
Q

Give 5 examples of a bacteria that is:

  • Gram negative
  • Bacilli
  • Facultative aerobic
  • Non-spore forming
A
  • E coli
  • Klebsiella
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • Haemophilus
38
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that is:

  • Gram negative
  • Bacilli
  • Aerobic
  • Non-spore forming
A

Pseudomonas

39
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that is:

  • Gram negative
  • Bacilli
  • Anaerobic
  • Non-spore forming
A

Bacteroides

40
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that is:

  • Gram negative
  • Spirochete
  • Anaerobic
  • Non-spore forming
A

Borrelia

41
Q

What do bacterial cells consist of?

A

Cytoplasm surrounded by cell wall

42
Q

What is found in the cytoplasm of bacteria?

A
  • DNA
  • Ribosomes
  • All elements required for growth and pathogenesis
43
Q

In what forms does DNA exist in bacteria?

A
  • Single chromosome of circular DNA

- Within plasmids

44
Q

What is the importance of the cell wall of bacteria?

A

Essential for survival

45
Q

What is the clinical implication of the cell wall being essential for the survival of bacteria?

A

It is a key target for antibiotics

46
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall in a gram positive bacteria?

A

They have a thick peptidoglycan layer with no outer membrane

47
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria appear on gram stain?

A

Blue/purple

48
Q

Why do gram positive bacteria appear blue/purple on gram stain?

A

Due to retention of crystal violet dye in the thick cell wall

49
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria?

A

They have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounding by an outer lipid membrane

50
Q

What colour do gram -ve bacteria appear on gram stain?

A

Red/pink

51
Q

What might be found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria?

A

ß-lactamase

52
Q

What is the clinical relevance of ß-lactamase?

A

It degrades antibiotics such as penicillin

53
Q

What might be found on the cell surface of bacteria?

A
  • Endotoxin
  • Pili
  • Flagella
  • Other proteins
54
Q

What components found on some bacteria can induce septic shock?

A
  • Endotoxins

- Teichoic acid

55
Q

Where are endotoxins found?

A

On the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

56
Q

What are bacterial endotoxins made of?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

57
Q

Where is teichoic acid found?

A

In gram positive bacteria

58
Q

What are pili?

A

Hair like structures

59
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

Facilitate adhesion and acquisition of external DNA

60
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Help with locomotion

61
Q

What is the clinical relevance of flagella?

A

Can help with bacterial identification

62
Q

What might other proteins found on the cell surface of bacteria act as?

A
  • Sensors
  • Receptors
  • Adhesins
63
Q

What may bacteria be surrounded by?

A

A polysaccharide capsule

64
Q

Give 3 bacteria that are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Klebisella pneumonia
  • Escheria coli
65
Q

What is the purpose of a polysaccharide capsule surrounding bacteria?

A

It enables them to evade phagocytosis

66
Q

What plays an important role in clearing bacteria with a polysaccharide capsule?

A

The spleen

67
Q

What is the implication of the spleen playing an important role in clearing bacteria with a polysaccharide capsule?

A

Individuals who are hyposplenic are more susceptible to these organisms

68
Q

What do some bacteria produce in addition to the capsule?

A

Slime

69
Q

What is slime?

A

A tough protective matrix

70
Q

What is the clinical relevance of slime-producing bacteria?

A
  • Very difficult for antibiotics to penetrate

- Can form biofilms on foreign materials

71
Q

What routes can bacteria be transmitted via?

A
  • Respiratory
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Urogenital
  • Cutaneous
72
Q

What do bacteria do once they have entered the body?

A

Adhere to mucosal sites

73
Q

What facilitates the adherence of bacteria to mucosal sites?

A
  • Pili

- Surface proteins

74
Q

When is it said that bacteria have ‘colonised’?

A

Once a stable population has been established

75
Q

What happens in some instances of bacterial colonisation?

A

Invasion occurs, and the bacteria penetrate host cells and tissues

76
Q

Are all strains of bacteria equally pathogenic?

A

No

77
Q

Give an example of where not all strains of bacteria are equally pathogenic?

A

There are 6 strains of Haemophilus influenza, but type b (Hib) causes the most serious disease

78
Q

What does different strains of the same bacteria having differing virulence determinants give rise to?

A

Distinct patterns of infection

79
Q

Give an example of where the same bacteria having different virulence determinants can cause distinct patterns of infection

A

E. coli may cause disease in the GI tract, meningitis, sepsis, or UTI

TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ (14 decks)

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