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TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ > Eukaryotes ✅ > Flashcards

Eukaryotes ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of eukaryotic organisms?

A
  • Protozoa
  • Fungi
  • Helminths
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2
Q

Where is the DNA of a eukaryotic organism?

A

Contained within a nucleus

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3
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Unicellular organisms

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4
Q

Describe the structure of a protozoa?

A

The cytoplasm is surrounded by a plasma membrane, which may have external structures

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5
Q

What external structures might the cell membrane of a protozoa have?

A
  • Cell wall

- Flagella

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6
Q

What is the purpose of a cell wall in protozoa?

A

Enable it to survive outside of the host

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7
Q

Give an example of a protozoa with a cell wall?

A

Giardia intestinalis

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8
Q

What is the purpose of a flagella in protozoa?

A

Propel the protozoa

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9
Q

Give an example of a protozoa with a flagella?

A

Leishmania

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10
Q

What can protozoa be divided into?

A
  • Spore forming (sporozoa)
  • Flagellates
  • Ameboid
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11
Q

Give 2 examples of spore-forming protozoa

A
  • Plasmodium

- Toxoplasma gondii

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12
Q

Give 2 example of flagellate protozoa

A
  • Giardia intestinalis

- Trichomonas

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13
Q

Give an example of an amoeboid protozoa?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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14
Q

What does entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

Amoebic dysentery or liver abscess

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15
Q

How do protozoa reproduce?

A

Sexually and/or binary fission

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16
Q

What might the life cycle of protozoa involve?

A

Vectors

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17
Q

Give an example of a protozoa whose life cycle involves vectors?

A

Plasmodium

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18
Q

What is the vector for Plasmodium parasites?

A

Mosquitoes

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19
Q

Give an example of a waterborne protozoa

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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20
Q

What is meant by fungi being saprophytes?

A

They live off dead matter in soil and water

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21
Q

Does the cell wall of fungi contain peptidoglycan?

A

No

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22
Q

What is the implication of the cell wall of fungi not containing peptidoglycan?

A

Fungi are not sensitive to antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

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23
Q

What does the cell wall of a fungi contain?

A
  • Chitin polysaccharide
  • ß-glucan
  • Ergosterol
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24
Q

What is the implication of the ß-glucan and ergosterol in the cell wall of fungi?

A

They can be targeted by various anti-fungal drugs

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25
Q

What can fungi be classified into?

A
  • Yeasts
  • Moulds
  • Dimorphic fungi
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26
Q

What are yeasts?

A

Simple unicellular organisms

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27
Q

How do years reproduce?

A

Asexual budding

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28
Q

What yeast is responsible for most disease caused by yeasts in human?

A

Candida albicans

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29
Q

What structure is produced by moulds as they grow?

A

Branching filamentous hyphae

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30
Q

What is the role of the branching filamentous hyphae of mould?

A

Assists with reproduction and acquisition of nutrients

31
Q

What allows moulds to colonise new environments?

A

They produce germinative spores

32
Q

How can germinative spores of moulds be pathogenic?

A

They can be inhaled

33
Q

Give an example of a mould that can cause disease when inhaled?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

34
Q

Who can the airborne spores of Aspergillus cause disease in when inhaled?

A

Immunocompromised hosts

35
Q

What are dimorphic fungi?

A

Fungi that take the form of moulds at room temperature, but transform into yeasts at body temperature

36
Q

Give an example of a dimorphic fungi

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

37
Q

Who might histoplasmosis capsulatum cause disease in?

A

Individuals with HIV infection

38
Q

What are fungal infections known as?

39
Q

Where do fungi most often cause infection?

A

Superficial infections localised to epidermis, hair, and nails

40
Q

What is a fungal infection of the epidermis known as?

A
  • Tinea corporis if affects body

- Tina pedis if affects feet

41
Q

What is a fungal infection of the hair known as?

A

Tinea capitis

42
Q

What is a fungal infection of the nails known as?

A

Tinea unguium

43
Q

What may all forms of tines affecting the skin be referred to as?

44
Q

What is ringworm typically caused by?

A

Dermatophytes

45
Q

What fungal groups do dermatophytes belong to?

A
  • Trichophyton
  • Microsporum
  • Epidermophyton
46
Q

When can system fungal infection occur?

A

In immunocompromised hosts

47
Q

What are helminths?

A

Complex multicellular parasitic worms

48
Q

How big are helminths?

A

Range in size from microscopic filarial parasites to tapeworms several metres in length

49
Q

How do helminths reproduce?

50
Q

Do helminths cause acute or chronic disease?

A

Typically cause chronic disease

51
Q

What can helminths be classified into?

A
  • Nematodes

- Platyhelminths

52
Q

What are nematodes also known as?

A

Round worms

53
Q

What are platyhelminths also known as?

54
Q

What can platyhelminths be divided into?

A
  • Cestodes

- Trematodes

55
Q

What are cestodes also known as?

56
Q

What are trematodes also known as?

57
Q

What do nematodes look like?

58
Q

Where do nematodes cause infection?

A
  • Intestine
  • Blood
  • Tissues
59
Q

Give a nematode causing infection in the intestine?

A

Enterobius vermitcularis

60
Q

What does enterobius vermicularis cause?

A

Pruritis ani in children

61
Q

Give an example of a nematode that causes infection in the blood?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

61
Q

Give an example of a nematode that causes infection in the blood?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

62
Q

What class of nematode is Wuchereria bancrofti?

63
Q

What does Wuchereria bancrofti cause?

A

Lymphatic filariasis

64
Q

Give an example of a nematode that infects tissues?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

65
Q

What does Onchocerca volvulus cause?

A

River blindness

66
Q

Give 2 examples of cestodes

A
  • Taenia solium

- T. saginata

67
Q

What do cestodes look like?

68
Q

How long can cestodes grow?

A

Up to 10m in length

69
Q

How do humans become infected with cestodes?

A

The excreted eggs are ingested by an intermediate host, such as a cow or a pig, and humans become infected by eating meat from this animal

70
Q

What do trematodes look like?

A

Flat, leaf-like organisms

71
Q

What is the intermediate host for trematodes?

A

Freshwater snails

72
Q

Give a medically important species of trematodes

A

Schistosoma

TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ (14 decks)

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