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RUSVM PID Exam#1 (Orange semester Fall 2016) > Virulence in bacteria > Flashcards

Virulence in bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved., relation is positive for both organisms

A

Mutualism

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2
Q

is a class of relationships between two organisms where one organism benefits from the other without affecting it. Good for one, no problem for the other (most intestinal flora)

A

Commensalism

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3
Q

non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. One takes advantage of the other

A

Parasitism

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4
Q

Invasion and multiplication of micro-organisms

A

Infection

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5
Q

Causes structural and functional damage

A

Disease

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6
Q

E. Coli O157: H7 use this type of motility along with H-antigens, Listeria mnocytogenes (Not in all bacteria, mainly in gram - bacteria)

A

Flagella

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7
Q

Flagella is composed of?

A

Flagellin

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8
Q

Pili+fimbriae (which are the same thing) came together to be known as ?

A

Fibrillae

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9
Q

Used mainly for adhesion by F-antigens

A

Pili

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10
Q

Bacterial conjugation use this for plasmid transfer

A

Special pili known as sex pili

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11
Q

parasites are capable of living and reproducing either inside or outside cells. ( cause Cell lysis)

A

Facultative intracellular

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12
Q

cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite’s reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources. (cause Cell lysis)

A

Obligate intracellular

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13
Q

Extracellular _________ -attach to the heart, parasites take over local use of nutrients oxygen

A

thrombosis

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14
Q

Extracellular immunological reaction is when?

A

macrophages and neutrophils produce oxygen radicals/ enzymes to kill the host cell

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15
Q

During invasion, what virulence factors are involved?

A
  • Capsule
  • need to haveProteins that circumvent innate immunity or they will be killed off
  • Iron uptake for growth (body hides iron from bacteria) bacteria have to counteract that to have iron for own metabolism
  • Production of extracellular enzyme like
    a. Hyaluronidases
    b. Collagenases
    c. Fibrinolysins
    d. Coagulases
    e. Hemolysins
    f. Leucocidins
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16
Q
  • Not in all bacteria
  • composed of Polysaccarides-proteins
  • is a Virulence factor
    a. colonization
    b. invasion
    c. Adhesion
    d. Protection against phagocytosis and complement
  • Environmental protection (spore formation)
  • K antigens of the cell
A

Capsule

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17
Q

Bacterial metabolites like Clostridium, high molecular weight–>vaccination (thus antigenic)

Type I, II, III

A

Exotoxins

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18
Q

chemically treated (formalin) toxin

toxic effect goes down, antigenicity +vacination goes up

A

Anatoxins

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19
Q

is the capacity of a chemical structure (either an antigen or Hapten) to bind specifically with a group of certain products that have adaptive immunity: T cell receptors or antibodies (a.k.a. B cell receptors).

A

Antigenicity

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20
Q

Type of exotoxin that binds receptor, disturbance of cell metabolism.
Examples: STa ETEC, clostridium perfringens, Staphylococco, Streptococci

A

Type 1 exotoxin

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21
Q

type of exotoxin where there is cell wall damage. staphylococcus aureus (alfa toxin-hemolysis), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (pore forming)-makes holes in cell through cell lysis

A

Type II exotoxin

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22
Q

Type of exotoxin that is intracellular toxins, A component goes intracellular (IC), B (binding) component binds membrane

A

Type III exotoxin

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23
Q

Examples of Type III exotoxin

A
  • Heat labile toxin
  • Shiga toxin
  • Botulinum toxin
  • tetanospasmin
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24
Q

Part of the cell wall in Gram +/- bacteria

A

Endotoxin (part of the cell wall)

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25
Q

Toxin that targets cell wall components and causes lots of damage and causes an immune reaction. LPS (heat stable) Causes fever, general sickness, tissue damage, cardiovascular shock, death

A

Endotoxin for Gram negative

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26
Q

Function of the lipopolysaccharide?

A

Protection against toxic products and complement activation. Acts as an endotoxin for infections with a gram negative bacterium

Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide is released by multiplication of membrane vesicles or they are released by “lysing” to get endotoxine release

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27
Q

Gram negative bacteria–>lipid A =Endotoxin—-> ?

A

Endotoxic shock

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28
Q

Complement activation causes?

A

Anaphylatoxin Chemotaxis

29
Q

Hageman factor causes?

A

Intravascular coagulation

30
Q

Macrophages——-> ?

A

Cytokines

31
Q

Cytokines——> ?

A

Different cells and organs

32
Q

Different cells and organs—–> ?

A

Fever, general sickness, tissue damage, cardio shock

33
Q

Toxins cell wall Gram + bacteria?

A
  • Lipoteichoic Acid
  • Lipoarabinomannan (Myobacteria)
  • Peptidoglycan

Fever, general sickness, tissue damage, cardiovascular shock, death

34
Q

Actinobacteria are a type of?

A

Gram + bacteria

35
Q

Secretion systems (not only for toxins) to Type 1-7 use?

A

Membrane vesicles (can export products from the cell), porin (goes to extracellular bacteria), injection system (needle like injects in host cell),

36
Q

Spheric structure with a lipid membrane (part of an outer membrane) that con taints enzymes, exotoxins, dan(transformation), signal molecules

A

Membrane Vesicles

37
Q

Role of membrane vesicles?

A
  • Pathogenesis
  • Signaling (quoram sensing)
  • Excretion of toxic products
  • Killing of competitors
  • Immunomodulation
  • Excretion of bacterial toxic products
  • Transformation
38
Q

What 3 places can the host cell membrane finds residence within?

A
  1. Phagolysosomal vacuole
  2. Unfused phagosome
  3. Host cell cytosol
39
Q

Bacteria in sessile form included. Gives bacterial persistence like in endocarditus, reduces host immunity, causes local damage, reduced susceptibility to antibiotics, find it within different surfaces

A

Biofilms

40
Q

What are biofilms comprised of?

A 
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA)
41
Q

Role of lipoproteins-porins which are an outer membrane protein?

A

Pathogenesis
Adhesion
Iron uptake

42
Q

Where does iron uptake take place (no free iron in the body)

A

Cell wall proteins

43
Q

Iron uptake intracellular-epithelial cells use?

A

Ferritin

44
Q

Iron uptake intracellular erythrocytes use?

A

Hemoglobin

45
Q

Iron uptake intracellular muscular cells use?

A

Myoglobin

46
Q

Serum: ?

A

transferrin

47
Q

Mucosae: ?

A

lactoferrin

48
Q

Infection with iron uptake…neutrophils—-> ?

A

Lactoferrin

49
Q

Pathogenic bacteria can circumvent iron restriction by this alternative for iron?

A

Manganese in Borrelia burgodorferi

50
Q

Expression of iron uptake system under iron restrictive conditions?

A
  • Siderophore receptor
  • Transferrine/lactoferrine receptor
  • Hemoglobine receptor
51
Q

No complement activation (capsule)?

A
  • presenceSialic acid on the surface

- enzymes that degrade the complement system

52
Q

bacterium prevent from lysis by the host?

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide

- Capsule

53
Q

Inhibition of the complement mediated inflammation happens by?

A

Membrane vesicles (the complement expels to infect because they go all through vesicles-bacteria wait in vesicles to be activated by complement and then take up by white blood cell)

54
Q

Cellular mechanism of innate immunity?

A

Phagocytes

  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils

NK cells

55
Q

Virulence factors against phagocytes in extracellular bacteria?

A

-Capsule

Metabolites-exotoxins

56
Q

Other Virulence factors against phagocytes?

A
  • Biofilm (white blood cells can’t penetrate)

- Facultative intracellular

57
Q

Vaccines with living organisms

A

(attenuated)

58
Q

DNA vaccines, vaccines based on antigens are vaccines without?

A

living organisms

59
Q

Vaccines based on antigen?

A

Toxoid-inactivated exotoxin (isolated from bacterium or recombinant)

Bacterins: inactivated complete bacterium

Subunit vaccines with fimbriae, surface antigens (isolated from bacterium or recombinant)

60
Q

Vaccines with living organisms are known as attenuated. These vaccines are not so frequent against bacteria?

A

-BCG vaccine
-Bordetella bronchiseptica
E.Coli

61
Q

What type of immunity with vaccines with living organisms?

A

Both cellular and humoral immunity

62
Q

Fast induction of protection?

A

Vaccines with living organisms (attenuated)

63
Q

What are Vector vaccines and what do they use?

A

(Expression of immunogen epitome) they use attenuated salmonella

64
Q

Genetic manipulation of attenuated vaccines include?

A

Serial passages in Vitro (Pasteur & rabies)

Culture + mutagen
Deletion mutants
Vector vaccines

65
Q

What type of vaccine is there generally a lot of antigen and frequently adjuvant added?

  • 2 administrations with 3-4 week intervals
  • Safe
  • Mainly production of antibodies
A

Vaccines based on antigen

66
Q

What is included in the vaccine based on antigen known as Toxoid?

A

Exotoxin + formol

Recombinant

67
Q

What is included in the vaccine based on antigen known as Bacterins?

A

Complete bacterium

Note:autovaccine

Bacterium isolated from diseased animal and inactivation(formol)

Care: side effects

68
Q

What is included in the vaccine based on antigen known as Subunit?

A

Fimbriae (ETEC)

Iron capture systems; transferrin binding proteins (App)

69
Q

Combination vaccines include?

A

Bacterin + toxoid

Subunit + toxoid (ETEC Fimbriae and LT)

RUSVM PID Exam#1 (Orange semester Fall 2016) (7 decks)

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