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RUSVM PID Exam#1 (Orange semester Fall 2016) > Bacteriology overview and basic concepts > Flashcards

Bacteriology overview and basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Gram positive: Aerobic cocci (3)

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus

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2
Q

Gram positive: Aerobic rods (6)

A 
Actinomycetes
Bacillus
Corynebacterium/Nocardia
Listeria
Mycobacterium
Rhodococcus
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3
Q

Gram positive: Anaerobic rods (1)

A

Clostridium

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4
Q

Gram negative: Enterobacteriaceae (rod) (5)

A 
Esherichia coli/Shigella
Salmonella
Klebsiella/Enterobacter
Proteus
Yersinia
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5
Q

Gram negative: Non-fermentative rods (7)

A 
Bordetella
Pseudomonas/Burkholderia
Aeromonas/Vibria
Pasteurella/Mnnheimia
Haemophilus/Hostophilus
Brucella
Francisella
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6
Q

Gram negative: Anaerobic rods (2)

A

Clostridium (pilidorme)

Fusobacterium

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7
Q

Curved spiral bacteria (5)

A 
Campylobacter/Helicobacter
Brachyspira
Lawsonia
Leptospira
Treponema/Borrelia
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8
Q

Obligate intracellular bacteria (4)

A

Anaplasma/Ehrlichia
Chlamydia/Chlamydophila
Coxiella
Rickettsia

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9
Q

Bacteria without a cell wall (1)?

A

Mycoplasma

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10
Q

4 things in common for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes (although different ribosome types)
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11
Q

No nucleus no membrane enclosed organelles. They tend to be smaller and more simplistic

A

Prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

have a nucleus and membrane enclosed organelle. They tend to be larger and more complex

A

Eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

What holds bacteria DNA if bacteria do not contain a true nucleus?

A

Nucleoid

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14
Q

A jelly like aqueous solution that contains macromolecules, small molecules, and various inorganic ions?

A

Cytoplasm

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15
Q

What are proteins (enzymes) such as mRNA, and tRNA considered?

A

Macromolecules

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16
Q

precursors to macromolecules, metabolites or vitamins, energy sources

A

small molecules

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17
Q

required for enzymatic activity (co factors)

A

Inorganic ions

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18
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

Nucleoid and ribosomes

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19
Q

Helps to facilitate chemical reactions and it helps to dissolve solutes (carbohydrates and proteins)

A

Cytoplasm

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20
Q

Nucleus like structure that is made up of 60% DNA, contains proteins and RNA

A

Nucleoid

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21
Q

a complete set of DNA in bacteria which includes all essential genes

A

Bacterial genome

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22
Q

In the nucleoid the DNA is compacted by?

A

Proteins

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23
Q

DNA loop formation in the nucleoid is caused by?

A

Nucleoid-associated proteins bound to DNA

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24
Q

DNA supercoiling is mediated by these 2 enzymes?

A

DNA gyrase and topoisomerase I

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25
Q

Along with proteins involved in DNA compaction, ________ _________ regulate expression of the bacterial genome?

A

Transcription factors

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26
Q

2 types of RNA in the nucleoid?

A
  • mRNA (messenger RNA) encodes for proteins

- ncRNA (non coding RNA) is involved in DNA organization and expression of the bacterial genome

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27
Q

one pair of nucleotide bases that connect the complementary strands of DNA

A

1 base pair

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28
Q

A circular molecule of DNA that replicates separately from the chromosome (not part of the nucleoid)

A

Plasmid

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29
Q

Plasmid genes are not ______ under normal conditions?

A

essential

30
Q

Size ranges of plasmids?

A

1 kilobase pairs (Kbp) to several megabase pairs (Mbp)

31
Q

Each plasmid has a defined?

A

Copy number (regulated by the plasmid) high copy numbers for small plasmid, and low copy numbers for large plasmids

32
Q

Importance of plasmids (2 reasons)

A
  1. Virulence factors (plasmids contains genes associated with causing disease known as virulence factors)
  2. Resistance genes (to survive in the presence of antibiotics and other toxic compounds)
  3. Conjugation- conjugative plasmids can transfer cell to cell by this process.
33
Q

Plasmids are known as Suitcase DNA because?

A

because they can travel to other bacterial cells

34
Q

What does the bacterial envelope contain? (6)

A
  1. Cytoplasmic membrane
  2. Cell wall (peptidoglycan layer)
  3. Periplasmic space
  4. Outer membrane (gram negative bacteria)
  5. Capsule (some bacteria)
  6. Envelope associated : pili/fimbriae, flagella, secretion systems
35
Q

Functions of the bacterial envelope

A
  • Protects cell from the environment or host
  • Packages internal components
  • provides structural rigidity
  • produces energy
  • facilitates uptake of nutrients and efflux of toxic substances
36
Q

Some envelope associated components can also?

A
  • enable adhesion to surfaces or motility
  • provide resistance to some antibiotics or detergents
  • Enable bacterial mating (conjugation)
37
Q

2 main structural classes of bacterial envelope?

A
  1. Gram negative

2. Gram positive

38
Q

Gram positive cells stain?

A

Purple

39
Q

Gram negative cells stain?

A

Pink

40
Q

Thick peptidoglycan layer and characterized by lipotechoic acid?

A

Gram positive

41
Q

thin peptidoglycan layer?

A

Gram negative

42
Q

Bacterial envelope structural class where there is an outer and cytoplasmic membrane. Thin layer of peptigoglycan in the periplasmic space. Lipopolysaccarides in outer membrane (LPS or endotoxins)

A

Gram negative bacteria

43
Q

Bacterial envelope structural class with a cytoplasmic membrane, thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids attached to peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive bacteria

44
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membrane composed of and where is it found?

A

Phospholipid bilayer and proteins (most do not contain sterols except mycoplasma bacteria)

Found next to the cytoplasm, the inner most membrane

45
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer comprised of?

A

Hydrophillic (water loving) Head and two hydrophobic (water fearing) tails

46
Q

Only hydrophobic (lipid soluble) compounds can enter the cell by

A

passive diffusion across the bilayer

47
Q

What proteins are inside of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

-Transport proteins
enable specific transport molecule into the cell and export molecules out of the cytoplasm

  • Energy generation and electron transport chain components required for the synthesis of adenosine 5’ triphosphate (ATP) by the ATP synthase protein
  • PROTEINS that function as anchors or help in assembly of external structures
48
Q

How does the cytoplasmic membrane functions as a selective permeability barrier?

A

transport proteins mediate passage of hydrophilic substances into and out of the cell

49
Q

Serves as an actor for external structures. Plays a key role in energy generation (proton motive force) and bacterial respiration (electron transport chain)

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

50
Q

Mesh like essential structure that protects the cell from osmotic lysis and provides mechanical protection

A

Cell wall

51
Q

What does the cell wall consist of?

A

Polymers of dissacharides that are cross linked with short chains of amino acids (peptides) by transpeptidase enzymes called penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)?

52
Q

Common to gram negative bacteria, protective barrier?

A

Outer membrane

53
Q

What is the importance of the outer membrane found mostly in gram negative bacteria

A
  • Selective permeability barrier: prevents passive diffusion of hydrophobic or large compounds
  • Provides resistance to toxic compounds that are 1. hydrophobic or 2. large (~>600 Da). This includes several antibiotics, such as vancomycin and most macrocodes
  • Provides tolerance to detergents and bile salts
54
Q

Describe the structure of the outer membrane?

A
  • Asymmetrical lipid bilayer
  • Porin proteins
  • Transporter proteins
55
Q

Outer leaflet mainly composed of lipopolysaccaride (LPS or endotoxin). The LPS in the outer membrane prevents diffusion of hydrophobic compounds.

A

Asymmetrical lipid bilayer

56
Q

allow small hydrophilic molecules (such as nutrients) to passively enter the cell.

A

Porin proteins

57
Q

enable specific transport of important, larger nutrients into the cell

A

Transporter proteins

58
Q

Structure that does not absorb stain that helps bacteria evade immune system-can prevent engulfment by white blood cells, aids in attachment to some surfaces, increased tolerance to antimicrobial agents

A

Capsule

59
Q

Another name for white blood cells

A

Phagocytes

60
Q

Describe the structure of the capsule?

A

Polysaccharide layer outside of the cell wall or outer membrane, bacterial colonies have a mucoid appearance

61
Q

Surface component that is important for mobility, long filamentous protein structures

A

Flagella

62
Q

Surface component that aids in adherence to surfaces or bacterial interaction (biofilm). usually shorter and more stiff than flagella

A

Pipi/fimbriae

63
Q

Surface component that is involved in bacterial conjugation

A

Sex pilus

64
Q

Surface component where there is a release of proteins into the environment or host. Secreted proteins are typically related to virulence or bacterial communication

A

Secretion systems

65
Q

Dormant bacteria that can survive in adverse environmental conditions and for long periods of time (high temp, UV radiation, desiccation, and toxic chemicals)

A

Endospores

66
Q

What can happen when endospores enter a host?

A

they can revert to their active state and multiply, cause disease

67
Q

Spore forming bacteria?

A
  1. Bacillus- B. anthracis (anthrax), P. Bacillus larvae (American foulbrood)
  2. Clostridium- C. perfringens and C. difficile (enterotoxaemia), C. tetani (tetanus), C. botulinum (botulism)

Gram positive forms spores more often

68
Q

Must grow in the presence of O2

A

Obligate aerobes

69
Q

Absolutely cannot survive in the presence of oxygen?

A

Obligate anaerobes

70
Q

Can tolerate and live/grow in the presence of O2 but would prefer to live in a oxygen free environment? transport proteins mediate passage

A

Facultative anaerobes (contains most clinical interest)

71
Q

do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

RUSVM PID Exam#1 (Orange semester Fall 2016) (7 decks)

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