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Ethics > Virtue and Natural Law > Flashcards

Virtue and Natural Law Flashcards

1
Q

which means the end or goal of one’s actions

A

telos

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2
Q

means the good qualities that one should practice

A

virtue

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3
Q

is well known for declaring that there are “four kinds of causation.”

A

aristotle

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4
Q

What are the four causes?

A

material cause
efficient cause
formal cause
final cause

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5
Q

the material of which the thing being explained is made

A

material cause

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6
Q

that from which the thing being explained comes

A

efficient cause

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7
Q

the form, arrangement, or shape of the thing being explained

A

formal cause

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8
Q

the purpose for which the thing being explained exists

A

final cause

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9
Q

The final cause is also referred to by the ancient Greek word _____

A

telos

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10
Q

as the ultimate goal of why one should be virtuous

A

eudaimonia

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11
Q

So how does a person achieve one’s telos or eudaemonia?

A

through virtue

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12
Q

What are the two categories of virtue?

A

intellectual and moral virtues

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13
Q

are virtues of the mind

A

intellectual virtues

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14
Q

not innate rather they are acquired through repetition and practice, like learning a
music instrument.

A

moral virtues

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15
Q

Virtue is then the midpoint between two extremes which Aristotle called

A

vices

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16
Q

is a condition intermediate (a “golden mean” as it is popularly known) between two other states, one involving excess, and the other deficiency

A

ethical virtue

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17
Q

is the development of virtue in a human being, as it makes a man good and ultimately will guide him in reaching happiness or
eudaimonia.

A

virtue ethics

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18
Q

is always a midpoint between two extremes.

A

right action

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19
Q

good thing means a _____

A

well-functioning one

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20
Q

taking one’s life does not

A

preserve life

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21
Q

What are the 3 strengths of virtue ethics?

A
  1. virtue ethics goes behind the action and escapes the sterility of Utilitarianism or Kantian Ethics.
  2. have social dimensions
  3. Sees eudaimonia as the telos
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22
Q

created an experiment to see if participants would follow orders even when the requested
behavior went against their moral beliefs or good judgment.

A

Stanley Milgram 1963

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23
Q

What experiment did Stanley Milgram perform?

A

The Milgram Shock Experiment

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24
Q

Our emotions and desires are

A

irrational and need to be controlled by reason

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25
Q

are irrational and need to be controlled by reason

A

emotions and desire

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26
Q

to control the emotions and desire we need to apply

A

moral virtue or practical wisdom

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27
Q

we need to find the

A

mid-point or mean between two vices

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28
Q

as constitutive of moral and cardinal virtues

A

happiness

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle both agree that man is inherently good and is a rational being

A

TRUE

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle agree that virtue leads to happiness and the absence of it leads to unhappiness.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

believed that the morality of happiness should find a nexus between one’s actions of doing Good

A

St. Thomas

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32
Q

What are the four cardinal virtues?

A

Prudence
Justice
Temperance
Fortitude

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33
Q

ability to judge between actions with
regard to appropriate actions at a given time

A

prudence

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34
Q

the perpetual and constant will of
rendering to each one his right

A

justice

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35
Q

practicing self-control,
abstention, and moderation

A

temperance

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36
Q

forbearance, endurance, and ability
to confront fear, uncertainty and intimidation

A

fortitude

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37
Q

ARISTOTLE OR AQUINAS: the highest Good is happiness.

A

aristotle

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38
Q

The highest good

A

happiness (Aristotle

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39
Q

is final and self-sufficient; it is desirable in itself and only for itself”

A

happiness (Aristotle

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40
Q

ARISTOTLE OR AQUINAS: Happiness is the perfect good which brings all of our desires to rest.

A

Aquinas

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41
Q

is the perfect good which brings all of our desires to rest.

A

happiness

42
Q

is the chief Good

A

perfect happiness

43
Q

ARISTOTLE OR AQUINAS: believed that everything we do, we do it for the sake of the good.

A

Aquinas

44
Q

believed that everything we do, we do it for the sake of the _____

A

good

45
Q

for St. Thomas, the ultimate happiness should be a union

A

with the supreme creator through the practice of cardinal virtues

46
Q

resulting to eternal happiness

A

subscribing to morality

47
Q

is often defined as a state of mind rather than a place, but still, you would wish to believe that heaven is an abode for you to stay in when you die

A

heaven

48
Q

Upon my death, I will let fall a shower of roses; I wish to spend my heaven in doing good upon the earth”

A

St. Therese of Lisieux

49
Q

Thomas Aquinas was born in_____ at ____

A

1225 at Rocasseca in Italy

50
Q

The huge attempt in his academic and religious life was to combine the theological principles of faith with the philosophical principles of reason.

A

Thomas Aquinas

51
Q

He was one of the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism.

A

Thomas Aquinas

52
Q

His seminal works are characterized critiques of the scriptures and the works of Aristotle.

A

Thomas Aquinas

53
Q

The idea of natural law can be traced back to

A

Cicero

54
Q

it was defined as a true law as a right reason in agreement with nature.

A

natural law

55
Q

makes a natural law inherent to him

A

a man possessing virtues
good values
goodwill

56
Q

According to Aquinas, ____ is not about commandments and obligations primarily but is about a ____ or ____ principle of order by which things are directed to their ends.

A

law
rational or reasonable

57
Q

“Law is an ______ for the ______ from him who has care of the community, which is promulgated or made known.”

A

ordination of reason
common good

58
Q

is not a command of the will of a superior but is an expression of his reason consisting of a kind of reasoned plan or order of things towards the common good

A

law

59
Q

an end and can be shared by many without
loss or diminishment.

A

common good

60
Q

What are the four laws?

A

eternal law
natural law
divine law
human law

61
Q

is the whole plan of creation itself

A

eternal law

62
Q

rational creatures participation in the Eternal Law

A

natural law

63
Q

laws revealed through divine revelation in the Old and New Testaments

A

divine law

64
Q

Application of the Natural Law on various levels in particular communities.

A

human law

65
Q

the whole plan of creation itself.

A

eternal law

66
Q

is basically God Himself.

A

eternal law

67
Q

is the Reason God governs the whole universe

A

eternal laws

68
Q

as the cosmos possesses the unity of diverse creatures. This event is due to the intervention of the eternal law

A

universe

69
Q

then means in particular the way rational creatures, human beings, participate in God’s plan that is the Eternal Law.

A

natural law

70
Q

is man’s rational participation in Eternal law

A

natural law

71
Q

only human beings have the

A

faculty of reason

72
Q

is derived from a transcendent source, God in this case.

A

Divine Law

73
Q

This theological explanation of law emanates from a supreme being.

A

Divine Law

74
Q

is manmade and considered the lowest form of law.

A

human law

75
Q

Man promulgates this law to uphold a citizen’s civil rights in a particular society

A

human law

76
Q

an individual substance of a rational nature.”

A

human person (Boethius)

77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that the human person is composed of a soul and a body.

A

TRUE

78
Q

soul is according to Aristotle

A

permanent and incorruptible

79
Q

further argued that the soul is capable of existence apart from the body after death

A

Aquinas

80
Q

for Aquinas, what distinguishes a human person from other animals is her being

A

rational

81
Q

what are the appetitive element?

A

irrational
vegetative or will

82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: appetitive is part of man not in the realm of virtues

A

TRUE

83
Q

may lead the human person towards excellence or virtue.

A

cognitive aspect

84
Q

This faculty enables us to know, understand and apprehend the nature of the good

A

cognitive aspect

85
Q

What are the 5 principles of Natural Inclinations?

A

the Good
Life
Procreation
Social Life
Knowledge

86
Q

is not imposed on us by some external will that commands us from above, it’s rather the very design of our being.

A

natural law

87
Q

The first inclination stems from the first precept of natural law

A

do good and avoid evil

88
Q

Aquinas is telling us that ______ is in accordance with the precepts of natural law.

A

preserving human life

89
Q

The third inclination is one that we share with other animals, which has something to do with the

A

propagation of species and the care of one’s offspring (procreation)

90
Q

The fourth inclination is that human beings are also _____ according to their essence or natural capacity as rational creatures

A

inclined to do Good

91
Q

In turn, man helps others and creates a

A

support system

92
Q

The fifth one is, that human beings have an obligation to dispel ___ in order to move closer to ____

A

ignorance
truth

93
Q

is only moral when it conforms with Natural Law

A

human law

94
Q

is most clear with respect to certain general and negative precepts like the precepts of the Ten Commandments

A

natural law

95
Q

Natural Law demands that human lawmakers should write laws that order their community towards its

A

common good

96
Q

Aristotle was born to a well-off family in the Macedonian town of ____ about ____ BC

A

Stagira
384

97
Q

Human soul can be categorized into two

A

appetitive and cognitive

98
Q

A person’s action, which is borne out of the appetitive element, is usually done out of impulse, which naturally goes against ___

A

reason

99
Q

Human actions in accordance with our rational faculty are done voluntarily, i.e., exercised according to the reasoned account of what a person thinks is good.

A

cognitive aspect

100
Q

it can be considered a product of our own free judgment

A

cognitive aspect

Ethics (7 decks)

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