Module 2 Flashcards
is the complex whole of human life, encompassing almost everything a person does and thinks
Culture
You will always have this something, and you cannot escape from your ________
ethnocultural milieu
the philosophical paradigm often used by anthropologists and social scientists, believes that culture is different across time and space (Kottak, 2010)
cultural relativism
as an ethical theory, posits that culture is the ultimate arbiter of morality.
cultural relativism
What do cultural relativism believes?
there is NO universal moral truth
Compare relativism and subjectivism
In subjectivism, truth depends on the person
In relativism, truth depends on a particular reference point
“Man is the measure of all things.”
Protagoras of Abdera
Protagoras was a
sophist
are men who travelled around ancient Greece in exchange for something.
sophist
One very important component of culture is language.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
“The structure of a language determines how a person understand things.”
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The “Father of American Anthropology”
Franz Boas
One of the main proponents of Historical Particularism and Cultural Relativism
Franz Boas
During Franz Boas time, Europe’s understanding of history is _______
linear
is one of the main research methodologies of anthropologists to extract data from the field.
ethnography
No culture is superior over the other
Franz Boas
All cultures are equal in their own rights.
Franz Boas
German Philosopher and historian
Oswald Spengler
In his book, _________ , he predicted that Western Civilization will collapse due to the rise of Caesar-like leaders.
The Decline of the West
“There are no eternal truths. Every philosophy is an expression of its time”
Oswald Spengler
Spengler believed in
Historical Relativism or Historicism
What may be not acceptable today, may be acceptable tomorrow.
Oswald Spengler
Culture is different from time to time.
Oswald Spengler
Culture is different from tribe to tribe.
Franz Boas
Culture is different from language to language.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
Culture is different from one place to place.
Protagoras of Abdera
Morality is
relative
If morality is relative, therefore, there is
no universal truth
Filipino culture is a mix of both Eastern and Western cultures. What are the different cultures?
Spanish
Americans
Chinese traders
Islamic missionaries
Indigenous communities
What are the filipino values?
• Family oriented
• Xenophile
• Respect for authorities
• Heritage of Smallness
• Cheerful Optimism
• Bayanihan Spirit
What are the weaknesses of being family oriented?
Nepotism
Political Dynasty
Kanya-kanya
Crab Mentality
Regionalism
What are the weaknesses of being Xenophile?
No originality
We don’t love our own that much
we get easily influenced by foreigners
sometimes we forget our selves
What are the pros of respect for authorities?
Respect for elders
hard work and industry
Faith and religiosity
courtesy
utang na loob
What are the weaknesses for authorities?
utang na loob
dependency
patronage
sticking on the status quo or comfort zone
passivity and lack of initiative
What are the heritage of smallness?
appreciating the small things
knowing what is important
What are the weaknesses of heritage of smallness?
sachet mentality
sustainability-getting only what we need
isang kahig, isang tuka
mediocrity
smart shaming
What are the advantages of cheerful optimism?
lakas ng loob
resiliency
OFW
hugot phenomenon
resiliency
What are the weaknesses of cheerful optimism?
lack of discipline
diskarte
bahala na attitude
ningas cogon
palusot mentality
madaling makalimot
What are the pros of bayanihan spirit?
treat everyone as family
proud of our achievements
active in social media
fiesta
sensitivity
dyahe piece
thoughtfulness of others
pasalubong
balato
what is the last piece called?
dyahe piece
What are the weaknesses of bayanihan spirit?
social pressure
tagay justice system
not budget friendly
walang iwanan
filipino time
What are the positive impacts of cultural relativism?
- It makes people ________.
- It helps researchers from being ______ and ______.
- It highlights the need for ________ to immerse to a community to understand culture in the perspective of a local.
- culturally sensitive
- racist and ethnocentric
- social scientist
What are the positive impacts of cultural relativism?
- It emphasizes that _____ is indeed evolving.
- Cultural Relativism empowers _______
- It encourages ______ and multidisciplinary approaches among institutions.
- morality
- cultural minority groups
- diversity
What are the criticism against cultural relativism?
- We cannot _____ our own culture.
- We cannot also correct the _____ of other cultures.
- Sometimes, cultural relativism makes us _____ towards other societies.
- critique
- practices
- indifferent
What are the criticism against cultural relativism?
- It causes ____ and ________.
- Even if people belong to different backgrounds, cultures also ____ some patterns of behavior.
- We cannot definitely _____ issues that concerns people with different cultural background.
- division and xenophobia
- share
- address
What are the criticism against cultural relativism?
- Cultural relativism could lead to ______.
- Cultural relativism is an _____ because it establishes itself as a _______ even though it claims that everything is relative to culture.
- nihilism
- irony, universal standard
