Virology Exam 3d Flashcards
What played a large role in vaccine development?
embryonate chicken eggs and cell culture
- use of primary cell culture and immortalized cell lines accelerated development
“live” wild-type virus
- simple and effective
- may replicate poorly in non-natural host but share immunogenic determinants
“live” attenuated viruses
serial passage and in vitro cultivation of viruses reduces their pathogenicity
inactivated viruses
- also known as killed viruses
- grown, purified and subjected to inactivation by treatment
- less sensitive to storage issues
- safer for immunocompromised
- expensive
- less successful in inducing robust immune response
- injected required and requires adjuvant
subunit vaccine
consists of purified viral proteins that are immunogenic
- simplest
- least expensive
- very stable
- safe in immunocompromised patients
- multiple doses and booster are required
- may require adjuvant
adjuvant
a substance that enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen
advantages and drawbacks of wild type and attenuated vaccines
- result in immune response that comes closest to natural infection
- expensive and unstable
- need to be stored in cold
- may be subject to inactivation by maternal antibodies
- can cause illness and death
chimeric vaccines
contain live, genetically manipulated organisms that express viral proteins and deliver antigens to desired locations
virus-like particle vaccine
contain nanoparticles bearing viral antigens and have ability to aggregate
DNA vaccines
based on DNA plasmids encoding one or more viral proteins
multivalent peptide vaccines
adress problem of developing vaccines for highly mutable viruses
what three countries are still endemic to polio?
- nigeria
- afghanistan
- pakistan
