Virology Exam 3b

Question 1

first line of defense

Answer 1

physical barriers

Question 2

second line of defense

Answer 2

intrinsic cellular defenses

Question 3

third line of defense

Answer 3

immune response

Question 4

innate immunity

Answer 4

rapid responses but nonspecific

Question 5

adaptive immunity

Answer 5

responses that are slower but long-lasting and highly specific

Question 6

inflammatory response

Answer 6

mediated by cytokines and migrating leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils)

Question 7

macrophages

Answer 7

• activated by infection and kill viruses or infected cells using toxic oxygen compounds
• come from same lineage of monocytes who are immature version of macrophages in blood
• located in tissue
• antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Question 8

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Answer 8

targets viruses that are covered in antibodies

Question 9

natural killer cells

Answer 9

recognize virus-infected cells and kill them via apoptosis pathways
- reduced MHC expression causes perforin to lyse cells and granzyme B to activate apoptosis

Question 10

neutralization

Answer 10

antibodies cover virus which doesn’t allow virus to connect to cells

Question 11

reduction in the MHC occurs when…

Answer 11

the cell is infected by a virus

Question 12

where does the development of blood cells occur?

Answer 12

in the bone marrow

Question 13

what are the two branches of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 13

• humoral

- cellular

Question 14

humoral immunity

Answer 14

deals with antibodies and circulates throughout the body,

TH2

Question 15

cellular immunity

Answer 15

virus infected cells, cytotoxic T cells, TH1

Question 16

B cell receptors

Answer 16

membrane bound antibodies that bind to epitopes on intact proteins

Question 17

T cell receptors

Answer 17

bind to small peptide epitopes produced by intracellular digestion of proteins

Question 18

clonal selection theory

Answer 18

these receptors are created in an antigen-independent manner

Question 19

epitope

Answer 19

where the antibody binds to on the antigen

Question 20

after first infection, how long does in take to see a response from our immune system?

Answer 20

one week

Question 21

What do T lymphocytes respond to?

Answer 21

respond to peptides on surface of antigen-presenting cells

Question 22

antigen-presenting cells

Answer 22

take up and digest antigens to display them on surface of MHC-II complexes

Question 23

What do B lymphocytes respond to?

Answer 23

respond to antigens and are stimulated to differentiate to plasma cels by interaction with humoral cells

Question 24

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 24

generated upon interaction of Tc cells with MHC bound peptides

Question 25

effects of interferons on immune response

Answer 25

stimulate antigen processing and presentation

Question 26

how do viruses evade innate immunity?

Answer 26

• prevention of complement binding to antibody/antigen complexes
• inhibiting NK and dendritic
• interferons
• cytokine-like proteins and receptors that interfere with host defenses

Question 27

how do viruses evade adaptive immunity?

Answer 27

• change epitopes by antigenic drift
• antigenic shift
• block MHC-I antigen presentation