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4 MICRO LEC > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of virus

A

Virology

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2
Q

Proposed the term “virus”

A

Louis Pasteur

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3
Q

Showed that a disease in tobacco was caused by a virus

A

Ivanovski and Beijerinck

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4
Q

Discovered an animal virus that causes foot and mouth disease in cattle

A

Loeffler and Frosch

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5
Q

T/F: Viruses can infect every type of cell

A

True

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6
Q

T/F: Viruses can exist independently from the host cell

A

False

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7
Q

Viruses are _____ _____ parasites

A

Obligate intracellular

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8
Q

T/F: Viruses can multiply outside a host cell

A

False

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9
Q

T/F: Viruses instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery to a host cell to make and release new viruses

A

True

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10
Q

T/F: Viruses are cells

A

False

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11
Q

Basic structure of a virus

A

Capsid surrounding nucleic acid core

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12
Q

T/F: The nucleic acid of a virus can be DNA, RNA, or both

A

False - the nucleic acid can be either DNA or RNA but not both

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13
Q

T/F: Viruses have high specificity for attachment to host cell

A

True

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14
Q

T/F: Viruses have enzymes for most metabolic processes

A

False - viruses lack enzymes for most metabolic processes

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15
Q

T/F: Viruses lack machinery for synthesizing proteins

A

True

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16
Q

T/F: Viruses are the smallest infectious agents

A

True

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17
Q

T/F: Viruses are so small that they cannot be seen with an electron micrsocope

A

False - viruses can be seen with an electron microscope

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18
Q

Negative staining shows what visual aspect of the virus?

A

Outline of the shape of the virus

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19
Q

Positive staining shows what visual aspect of the virus?

A

Internal details

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20
Q

Two components of viruses’ external coating

A

Capsid and envelope

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21
Q

A virus with no envelope

A

Naked virus

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22
Q

The capsid and the nucleic together are called the _____

A

Nucleocapsid

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23
Q

A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell

A

Virion

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24
Q

Protective outer shell of a virus

A

Viral capsid

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25
Q

The viral capsid is constructed from identical subunits called _____

A

Capsomeres

26
Q

The viral capsid is made of _____ molecules

27
Q

Rod-shaped capsomeres

28
Q

T/F: Enveloped viruses take a bit of the host cell membrane in the form of an envelope

29
Q

In the viral envelope, some or all of the regular membrane proteins are replaced with _____ proteins

30
Q

These proteins remain exposed as spikes (peplomers) that are essential for attachment

A

Glycoproteins

31
Q

Protects the nucleic acid

A

Viral capsid and/or envelope

32
Q

Help introduce the viral DNA or RNA into a suitable host cell

A

Viral capsid and/or envelope

33
Q

Stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect the host cells against future infections

A

Viral capsid and/or envelope

34
Q

Found at the core of a virus

A

Nucleic acids

35
Q

The sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism

36
Q

Three main criteria in classifying and naming a virus

A

Structure, chemical composition, similarities in genetic makeup

37
Q

T/F: The host cell is sometimes necessary for viral multiplication

A

False - the host cell is absolutely necessary for viral multiplication

38
Q

Multiplication cycle in animal viruses:

Virus encounters susceptible host cells

A

Adsorption

39
Q

Multiplication cycle in animal viruses:

Virus adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane

A

Adsorption

40
Q

In adsorption, viruses adsorb specifically to receptor sites on the host’s cell membrane
Because of the exact fit required, viruses have a _____ host range

41
Q

Multiplication cycle in animal viruses:

Flexible cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid

A

Penetration

42
Q

Entire virus engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle

A

Endocytosis

43
Q

Multiplication cycle in animal viruses:

Enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid

44
Q

Multiplication cycle in animal viruses:

Free viral nucleic acid exerts control over the host’s synthetic and metabolic machinery

45
Q

DNA viruses are replicated and assembled in the host cell’s _____

46
Q

Contain information on synthesizing viral proteins

47
Q

RNA viruses are replicated and assembled in the host cell’s _____

48
Q

Multiplication cycle in animal viruses:

Mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts

49
Q

Multiplication cycle in animal viruses:

Nonenveloped and complex viruses are released when the cell lyses or ruptures

50
Q

How are enveloped viruses liberated?

A

By budding or exocytosis

51
Q

Virus-induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance

A

Cytopathic effect

52
Q

Compacted mases of viruses or damaged cell organelles

A

Inclusion bodies

53
Q

Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

A

Oncogenic viruses

54
Q

Viruses that remain in a chronic latent state are _____ becoming _____

A

Periodically, activated

55
Q

The effect of oncogenic viruses are called _____

A

Transformation

56
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

57
Q

Viral cultivation that uses animals

A

Animal inoculation

58
Q

Viral cultivation that commonly use chicken, duck, and turkey

A

Bird embryo inoculation

59
Q

T/F: Antibiotics are effective for viral infection

60
Q

T/F: Antiviral drugs block virus replication by targeting one of the steps in the viral life cycle

61
Q

T/F: Interferon shows potential for treating and preventing viral infections

62
Q

Vaccines stimulate _____

4 MICRO LEC (9 decks)

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