Introduction to Immunology Communicable and Infectious Diseases Flashcards
The invasion and proliferation of body tissue by microorganism
Infection
A detectable alteration in normal tissue and function
Disease
The ability of a microorganism to cause a disease to a host (degree of communicability)
Virulence
Normal microorganism that is found in one part of the body but causes infection in other parts of the body
Resident flora
Transmitted by an individual by direct or indirect contact, vector or vehicle, or as an airborne infection
Communicable disease
Process wherein a strain of microorganism becomes a resident flora by growing and multiplying (do not cause a disease)
Colonization
Infection in a specific part of the body
Local infection
Infection that spreads to different parts of the body
Systemic infection
Bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
Bacteria that cause blood poisoning
Septicemia
Infection that appear suddenly or last a short time
Acute infection
Infection that occur slowly over a prolonged period of time
Chronic infection
Infection that occurs in a health care setting
Nosocomial infection
Infection that occurs in a health care setting wherein the source comes from the patient
Endogenous
Infection that occurs in a health care setting wherein the source comes from health care personnel
Exogenous
Nosocomial infection that is a result of therapeutic or diagnostic procedures
Iatrogenic
Individual with a decrease in defense mechanism
Compromised host
Simplest way to avoid nosocomial infection
Hand hygiene
Chain of infection:
Cause of infection
Etiologic agent
Chain of infection:
Source of infection
Reservoir
Cellular response:
First to be launched at the site of injury
Neutrophils
Cellular response:
Perform phagocytosis in chronic tissue injury
Monocytes
Cellular response:
Responsible for immune response
Lymphocytes
Substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness
Antigen
Protein or antigen that originates in the person’s own body
Autoantigen
Blood proteins that attack the antigen and render it harmless
Antibodies
Immune response wherein antibodies are produced or prepared
Antibody mediated defense
Antibody mediated defense wherein the body’s own cells produce antibody
Active immunity
Antibody mediated defense that involves injecting prepared antibodies
Passive immunity
Type of passive immunity:
Passage of performed antibodies from mother to placenta
Natural
Type of passive immunity:
Injecting antisera derived from immunized animals or humans
Artificial
5 classes of immunoglobulins
G A M D E
Class of immunoglobulin:
(+) past infection
(+) immunity
Class G
Class of immunoglobulin:
(+) body fluid
Class A
Class of immunoglobulin:
(+) current infection
Class M
Class of immunoglobulin:
Role is unclear
Class D
Class of immunoglobulin:
(+) in allergy, hypersensitivity, parasites
Class E
Immune response wherein exposure to antigen releases activated T cells
Cell mediated defense
Cells that help in the function of the immune system
Helper T cells
Cells that attack and kill microorganisms and body’s own tissue at times
Cytotoxic T cells
Cells that help suppress the functions of the helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells
Six factors increasing susceptibility to infection
Age, heredity, levels of stress, nutritional status, current medical therapy, preexisting disease
Degree to which an individual can be affected
Susceptibility
Five measures to reduce susceptibility
Hygiene, nutrition, fluid, rest and sleep, immunization
Washing, rinsing with water and soap - to inhibit the growth of microorganism
Cleaning
Use of substances on inanimate objects to inhibit the growth of microorganism
Disinfection
Used on the skin to inhibit the growth of some microorganisms
Antiseptic
Substance that destroys and kills bacteria
Bactericidal
Substance that prevents the growth and production of some bacteria
Bacteriostatic
Process that destroys all microorganisms including spores and viruses
Sterilization
Method of sterilization:
Temperature is higher than boiling point
Moist heat
Method of sterilization:
Effective against spores, heat-sensitive items, but toxic to humans and animals
Gas
Method of sterilization:
Practical and inexpensive but spores and some viruses are not killed
Boiling water
Method of sterilization:
Used in industries to sterilize food and drugs, effective for items that are difficult to sterilize, but do not penetrate deeply
Radiation
Precaution to prevent spread of infection
Isolation precaution
Type of isolation precaution:
Condition of the patient is highly infectious
Strict isolation
Type of isolation precaution:
Less highly transmissible
Direct contact is avoided
Contact isolation
Type of isolation precaution:
Transmissible by air
Respiratory isolation
Type of isolation precaution:
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis isolation
Type of isolation precaution:
From contact with feces
Enteric isolation
Type of isolation precaution:
From body sites e.g. mouth, ears, eyes, nose, vagina
Drainage secretions isolation
Type of isolation precaution:
Infection from body sites .eg. saliva, blood, urine, semen
Blood body fluids isolation
Precaution that interferes with the spread of blood borne disease
Universal precaution
Precaution on blood, body fluids, urine, feces, wound drainage, oral secretion, body products
Body substance isolation
Care for all hospitalized patients
Standard precaution
Transmission of droplets less than 5 microns
Airborne
Transmission of droplets greater than 5 microns
Droplet
Transmission by direct contact
Contact
Highly susceptible to infection due to disease
Compromised client
Bagging:
Place _____ articles in bags
Contaminated
Linens:
Handle as _____ as possible
Little
Lab specimen:
Place in ____ ____ container
Leak proof
Thermometers:
_____ after use
Disinfect
Needles, syringes, and sharps:
_____ resistant
Puncture
Six signs of inflammation
H-eat, I-nduration, P-ain, E-dema, R-edness, Impaired function
Six universal precautions
G-loves L-ather up O-rifices V-ery special handling E-veryone may be infected S-harp attention
