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#‼️MICROBIOLOGY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 > VIROLOGY > Flashcards

VIROLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

site of latency of HSV-2

A

lumbosacral ganglia

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2
Q

all viruses are haploid except

A

retroviruses

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3
Q

o the antigen of the core of the virus (HBsAg removed)

o antibodies are not protective but yield information about the state of infection

o positive antibodies seen during the “window period” (a period of active infection)

A

HBcAg

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4
Q

interacts with the CD4 receptor in HIV

A

gp120

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5
Q

hepatocellular injury due to immune attack - NO cytopathic effect (host CD8+ T cells destroy infected hepatocytes)

A

HEPATITIS B VIRUS

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6
Q

MUMPS complications

A

Parotitis, Orchitis, Meningitis (aseptic)

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7
Q

most common cause of aseptic meningitis

A

ENTEROVIRUSES (Coxsackie virus, poliovirus and echovirus)

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8
Q

o painful vesicles along dermatomal distribution

o debilitating pain (postherpetic neuralgia)

A

Zoster

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9
Q

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a potential complication of ___

A

Measles

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10
Q

• “thread-like” viruses

• longest viruses

  • outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in Zaire (1976)
  • 100% mortality rate
A

EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

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11
Q

aseptic meningitis POLIO

A

nonparalytic poliomyelitis

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12
Q

o fever and severe pleuritic-type chest pain

o pain due to an infection of the intercostal muscles (myositis), not of the pleura

A

Pleurodynia sec to coxackie

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13
Q
  • only causes disease in immunocompromised hosts
  • causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with AIDS
    • demyelinating disease that affects oligodendrocytes characterized by deficits in speech, coordination, and memory
A

JC POLYOMA VIRUS

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14
Q

ATTACHMENT PROTEIN of HIV

A

gp 120 / Surface Protein (SU)

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15
Q

only DNA virus that produces DNA by reverse transcription with mRNA as the template

A

HEPADNAVIRIDAE (HEPA B)

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16
Q

The most common sites of viral infection and disease is the

A

Oropharynx and respiratory tract

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17
Q

ANTIGENIC SHIFTS cause

A

PANDEMICS

o major changes based on the reassortment of segments of the genome RNA

SUDDEN CHANGE in molecular structure

o EXAMPLE: when human flu A virus recombines with swine flu A virus

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18
Q

o a soluble component of the viral core

o presence connotes high infectivity

A

HBeAg

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19
Q
  • Called “orphans” because they were not initially associated with any disease
  • Now known to cause aseptic meningitis, upper respiratory tract infection, febrile illness with and without rash, infantile diarrhea, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
A

ECHOVIRUS

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20
Q
  • Herpangina
    • fever, sore throat, and tender vesicles in oropharynx
  • Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
    • vesicular rash on hands and feet and ulcerations in the mouth
  • Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
A

COXSACKIE VIRUS

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21
Q

MASTER THIS TABLE!!!!

A
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22
Q

o presence of this antibody indicates that patient is immune and/or cured

o NO active disease present

A

Anti-HBsAg

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23
Q

PARAMYXOVIRUSES

A

PaRaMyxoviruses

Parainfluenza virus

RSV

Measles virus

Mumps virus

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24
Q

only virus with fibers

A

ADENOVIRUS

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25
Q
  • pinkish, papular skin lesions with an umbilicated center
  • HP: Henderson-Paterson bodies - intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions
  • transmission: direct contact
  • treatment: Cidofovir
A

MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS

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26
Q

presence connotes low infectivity

A

Anti-HBeAg

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27
Q

HHV 6

A

ROSEOLA / EXANTHEM SUBITUM / SIXTH DISEASE

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28
Q

directs entry of the double-stranded DNA provirus into the nucleus, and is later essential for the process of virus assembly; Outer matrix Protein

A

MA / p17

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29
Q

• member of flavivirus family

• most common cause of epidemic encephalitis

  • most prevalent in SEA
  • transmitted by Culex mosquitoes

• thalamic infarcts on CT scan

A

JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS

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30
Q
  • preferentially infects and kills helper (CD4+) T lymphocytes
    • loss of cell-mediated immunity
    • high probability of opportunistic infections
  • main immune response consists of cytotoxic (CD8+) lymphocytes
A

HIV

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31
Q

infected cells appear normal, but are producing large numbers of progeny viruses

A

Commensal Symbiosis

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32
Q

infect squamous cells and induce formation of cytoplasmic vacuole (koilocytes)

A

HPV

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33
Q

causes major outbreaks of influenza

*Does not lead to pandemic

A

Influenza B

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34
Q

o most common cause of MYOCARDITIS AND PERICARDITIS

o fever, chest pain, and signs of congestive failure.

A

COXSACKIE VIRUS

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35
Q

HP: Negri body

A

RABIES

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36
Q

Type-specific envelope glycoproteins in HIV

A

gp120 and gp41

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37
Q

all enveloped viruses acquire their envelope from plasma membrane EXCEPT

A

herpes virus (from nuclear membrane)

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38
Q

ALL RNA viruses have SINGLE-STRANDED RNA except

A

REO AND ROTAVIRUS (dsRNA)

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39
Q

describes a collection of inflammatory disorders associated with paradoxical worsening of preexisting infectious processes (HBV, HCV, MAC, MAI, etc.) following the initiation HAART in HIV-infected individuals

A

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)

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40
Q

In Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), the virus binds to which receptor?

A

ACE-2 receptor

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41
Q

The only positive among vaccinated patients

A

Anti-HBs

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42
Q

old infection is present

A

IgG anti-HBcAg

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43
Q

most common clinical form of POLIO; mild, febrile illness with headache, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting.

A

abortive poliomyelitis

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44
Q

Coreceptors of HIV where gp 120 binds on the surface of the cells. Binding to these coreceptors are impt for HIV to infect normal cells.

A

CXCR 4 - located on T-cells

CCR 5 - T cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells

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45
Q

o Induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity but may revert to virulence on rare occasions

o Dangerous to give to immunocompromised patients or their close contacts

A

Live-Attenuated Vaccines

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46
Q

steeple sign on x-ray

A

LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS (CROUP) secondary to PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1 AND 2

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47
Q

PICORNAVIRIDAE

A

PERCHed on a PIC (peak).

Poliovirus

Echovirus

Rhinovirus

Coxsackievirus

Hepatis A virus

PICornaviridae

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48
Q

Most DNA viruses have BOTH a negative strand and a positive strand except

A

PARVOVIRUSES, which have single-stranded DNA genome

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49
Q

FUSION PROTEIN of HIV

A

gp41 / Transmembrane Protein (TM)

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50
Q

o genital warts (condyloma acuminata)

o respiratory tract papilloma

o most common viral STD

A

• HPV-6 and 11

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51
Q

pathognomonic Koplik spots - bright red lesions with a white, central dot on buccal mucosa

A

MEASLES

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52
Q

most common cause of childhood diarrhea

A

ROTAVIRUS

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53
Q

DOC for Influenza

A

Oseltamivir or Zanamivir

• Amantadine or rimantadine for influenza A only

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54
Q
  • no chronic carrier state
  • no cirrhosis
  • no hepatocellular carcinoma
  • high mortality in pregnant women
A

HEPATITIS E

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55
Q
  • retrovirus causing adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV associated myelopathy
  • HP: malignant T cells with flower-shaped nucleus
A

HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS (HTLV)

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56
Q

DOC for HSV

A

Acyclovir

o shortens the duration of the lesions

o reduces the extent of shedding of the virus

o no effect on the latent state

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57
Q

MCC of COMMON COLDS

A

RHINOVIRUS

  • Replicate better at 33°C than at 37°C → they affect primarily the nose and conjunctiva rather than the lower respiratory tract.
  • Acid-labile → killed by gastric acid when swallowed → they do not infect the gastrointestinal tract, unlike the enteroviruses.
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58
Q
  • genital herpes
    • painful anogenital vesicles
  • neonatal herpes
    • contact within birth canal
  • aseptic meningitis
A

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2

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59
Q

bind cytokines and block their ability to interact with their intended targets

A

cytokine decoys

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60
Q

Influenza that causes worldwide epidemics (pandemics)

A

Influenza A

*Each year, influenza is the most common cause of respiratory tract infections.

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61
Q

Examples of Live Attenuated Vaccines

A

§ MMR (the only live-attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV-positive patients who do not show signs of immunodeficiency)

§ Influenza (intranasal)

§ Smallpox

§ Sabin’s polio vaccine

§ Chicken pox

§ Rotavirus

§ Yellow fever

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62
Q

Treatment for HBV

A

interferon-a and lamivudine

63
Q
  • immediate early proteins
    • translated from premade mRNAs
    • impair assembly of the MHC class I–viral peptide complexes
  • HP: giant cells with owl’s-eye nuclear inclusions
A

CMV

64
Q

All double-stranded DNA have icosahedral symmetry except

A

POXVIRUS in which DNA has complex structural proteins looking much like a box.

65
Q

one virus produces a protein that can be used by another virus

A

complementation

66
Q

• Bullet-shaped enveloped virus with a helical nucleocapsid and one piece of single-stranded, negative-polarity RNA

• multiplies locally at bite site, infects sensory neurons, and moves by axonal transport to CNS

A

RABIES VIRUS

67
Q

carcinoma of cervix, penis, and anus

A

HPV-16, 18, 31, 33

68
Q

Kaposi sarcoma must be differentiated from _________ because of their similarities in terms of clinical presentation

A

bacillary angiomatosis (sec to Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana)

69
Q

o oncogenicity associated with expression of latency-associated membrane protein 1 (LMP-1)

o Burkitt lymphoma: in African people

o B-cell lymphomas

o nasopharyngeal carcinoma: in Chinese people

o hairy leukoplakia in AIDS patients

A

EBV

70
Q

True or False.

enveloped viruses are less stable and more easily inactivated.

A

TRUE

71
Q

attachment of RBCs to surface of infected cells

A

Hemadsorption

72
Q

Surface spikes are fusion proteins, not hemagglutinins or neuraminidases .

A

RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS

73
Q

MEMORIIIIZZZZEEEEE!!!!

A
74
Q

German Measles

A

RUBELLA VIRUS (TOGAVIRIDAE)

o incubation period 14–21 days

o prodrome followed by 3-day posterior auricular LAD

o face - trunk - arms/legs

o immune-complex polyarthritis in adults

75
Q

Cowdry type B intranuclear inclusions

A

POLIOVIRUS

76
Q

Naked DNA Virus

A

Papillomavirus

Adenovirus

Parvovirus

Polyomavirus

77
Q

Examples of Killed Vaccines

* Induce only humoral immunity but are stable

A

(RIP Always; SalK=Killed)

§ Rabies

§ Influenza (injected)

§ Salk’s polio vaccine

§ Hepatitis A

78
Q
  • Nonenveloped virus with icosahedral nucleocapsid and one piece of single-stranded, positive-polarity RNA
  • Oral-fecal transmission

• most common cause of nonbacterial diarrhea in adults

• sudden onset of vomiting and diarrhea accompanied by fever and abdominal cramping

A

VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS secondary to NORWALK VIRUS (NOROVIRUS)

79
Q

oncogenic viruses induce transformation and unrestrained growth

A

Malignant transformation

80
Q
  • Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)
    • bright red cheek rash (slapped cheeks) with fever, coryza, and sore throat
  • Aplastic crisis
    • interferes with erythroid progenitor cells
    • transient but severe aplastic anemia in children sickle cell anemia, thalassemia or spherocytosis
  • Fetal Infections
    • 1 st trimester: fetal death
    • 2 nd trimester: hydrops fetalis
  • Arthritis
    • immune-complex arthritis of small joints
  • Chronic B19 Infection
    • pancytopenia in immunodeficient patients
A

PARVOVIRUS B19

81
Q

replicates in motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord, causing paralysis

A

POLIOMYELITIS

82
Q

o new infection is present

o most specific marker for diagnosis of acute HBV infection because it persists during the window period

A

IgM anti-HBcAg

83
Q

DNA VIRUSES

A

DNA Viruses are HHAPPPPy viruses.

Hepadna

Herpes

Adeno

Pox

Parvo

Polyoma

Papilloma

84
Q

type of POLIO: flaccid paralysis; permanent motor nerve damage

A

paralytic poliomyelitis

85
Q

principal marker of risk for developing chronic liver disease and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) later in life.

A

Persistence of HBsAg

86
Q

ALL DNA viruses replicate in the NUCLEUS except

A

Poxvirus

87
Q

E7 gene in HPV inhibits

A

Rb

88
Q

have a bullet-shaped capsid

A

rhabdoviruses

89
Q
A
90
Q

Hepatitis that cause enteric infections

A

Hepatitis A and E

91
Q

genomic reassortment causes

A

epidemics

92
Q

o “kissing disease”

o fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly

o splenic rupture is a rare complication

§ rapid increase in size produces a tense, fragile splenic

capsule

A

Infectious Mononucleosis secondary to EBV

93
Q

HP: multinucleated giant cells (Warthin-Finkeldey bodies)

A

MEASLES

94
Q

CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

A

5 Bs of Congenital Rubella Syndrome

  • Bulag (cataracts)
  • Bingi (sensorineural deafness)
  • Bobo (mental retardation)
  • Butas ng puso (PDA)
  • Blueberry muffin baby
95
Q

Which is the first vaccine known to prevent a human cancer?

A

HBV

96
Q

ANTIGENIC DRIFTS cause

A

EPIDEMICS

o minor changes based on mutations in the genome RNA

97
Q

GENOME: Regulatory Genes in HIV

A
98
Q

GENOME: Structural Genes

A
99
Q

Nagayama spots: erythematous papules on soft palate and base of the uvula

A

ROSEOLA / EXANTHEM SUBITUM / SIXTH DISEASE

100
Q

Major antigens of INFLUENZA

A

hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)

HEMAGGLUTININ

  • Binds to the cell surface receptor (neuraminic acid, sialic acid) to initiate infection of the cell
  • The target of neutralizing antibody

NEURAMINIDASE

  • Cleaves neuraminic acid (sialic acid) to release progeny virus from the infected cell
  • Also degrades the protective layer of mucus in the respiratory tract → enhances access to the respiratory epithelial cells.
101
Q

associated with autoimmune vasculitides (polyarteritis nodosa)

A

HBV

102
Q

All DNA viruses are icosahedral except

A

Poxvirus (helical)

103
Q

MEMORRRRIIIIZZZEEEE!!

RNA VIRUSES

A
104
Q

Distinguished from all other RNA viruses by the presence of an unusual enzyme, reverse transcriptase → which converts a single-stranded RNA viral genome into double-stranded viral DNA.

A

RETROVIRIDAE

105
Q

AIDS-DEFINING ILLNESSES and CD4 LEVELS

MEMORIIIIIZEEE!!!

A
106
Q

o gingivostomatitis

o herpes labialis (lips)

o keratoconjunctivitis

o temporal lobe encephalitis

o herpetic whitlow (fingers)

o herpes gladiatorum (trunk)

A

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

107
Q
  • URT: pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, coryza
  • LRT: bronchitis, atypical pneumonia
  • GIT: acute gastroenteritis
  • GUT: hemorrhagic cystitis
  • histopathology

o Cowdry type B intranuclear inclusions

A

ADENOVIRUS

108
Q

HHV-4

A

EBV

109
Q

• visual or functional change in infected cells

A

Cytopathic effect

110
Q

NEGATIVE-STRAND RNA VIRUSES

o When negative-stranded RNA viruses enter the cell, they are not able to begin translation immediately

o Must transcribe negative strand to positive (–) → (+)

o Virion brings its own RNA-dependent polymerase, which will carry out the transcription of the negative-strand into positive.

A

“Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication.”

Arenaviruses

Bunyaviruses

Paramyxoviruses

Orthomyxoviruses

Filoviruses

Rhabdoviruses

111
Q

The only DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm

A

Poxvirus

112
Q

viruses with SEGMENTED GENOME

A

B–O–A–R

Bunyaviruses

Orthomyxoviruses (influenza)

Arenaviruses

Reoviruses

113
Q

most immunogenic region of gp120

A

V3 loop

114
Q

E6 gene in HPV inhibits

A

p53

115
Q

Envelope Spikes of Paramyxoviruses

A
116
Q

finding antibody in one who previously had none

A

Seroconversion

117
Q

can be used to diagnose current infection

A

Presence of IgM

118
Q
  • infects mainly lymphoid cells, primarily B lymphocytes
  • elicits EBV-specific antibodies and nonspecific heterophil antibodies
A

EBV

119
Q
A
120
Q

main cause of essential mixed cryoglobulinemia

A

HEPATITIS C VIRUS

121
Q
  • Enveloped virus with icosahedral nucleocapsid and linear dsDNA
  • cultured in shell tubes

• negative heterophil test

A

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

122
Q

ALL DNA viruses have LINEAR DNA except

A

CIRCULAR

  • Papilloma
  • Polyoma
  • Hepadna
123
Q
  • only disease that has been eradicated from the face of the Earth
  • largest viruses
  • brick-shaped poxvirus containing linear dsDNA
  • HP: Guarnieri bodies - intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions
  • transmission: aerosol or contact
  • incubation period of 7–14 days
  • prodrome of fever and malaise followed by centrifugal rash
A

SMALLPOX (VARIOLA VIRUS)

124
Q

Receptors used by viruses

A
125
Q

NAKED VIRUSES

A

NAKED CPR and PAPP smear

  • Calicivirus
  • Picornavirus
  • Reovirus
  • Parvovirus
  • Adenovirus
  • Papillomavirus
  • Polyomavirus
126
Q

HIV protein that mediates the fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane at the time of infection.

A

gp41

127
Q

VIRAL LIFE CYCLE AND PHARMACOTHERAPY

A
128
Q

o having this antigen means the patient has the disease (chronic, acute, or asymptomatic carrier)

o precedes onset of symptoms and elevation of liver enzymes

A

HBsAg

129
Q

most prevalent blood-borne pathogen

A

HEPATITIS C VIRUS

130
Q

reduce the expression of antigen presenting cells and inactivate complement

A

virokines

131
Q

Naked RNA Virus

A

Calicivirus

Picornavirus

Reovirus

Hepevirus

132
Q

cannot be used to diagnose current infection; antibody may be due to an infection in the past

A

Presence of IgG

133
Q

Most RNA viruses have helical symmetry except:

A

icosahedral symmetry

§ Flaviviruses

§ Caliciviruses

§ Reoviruses

§ Picornavirus

§ Togaviruses

§ Hepevirus

134
Q

What can differentiate chronic active infection from chronic carrier in HBV

A

HBeAg

135
Q

The interstitial space between the nucleocapsid and the envelope is called the

A

Tegument/Matrix

136
Q

most common cause of congenital abnormalities

A

Congenital CMV infection

  • microcephaly, seizures, deafness, jaundice, and purpura
  • most common when mother infected in 1 st trimester
137
Q

large, pink to purple intranuclear inclusions (Cowdry type A)

A

HSV

138
Q

Influenza B virus is only a human virus. True or false.

A

TRUE

139
Q

HUMAN HERPESVIRUS – 8

A
  • Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare type of cancer that can affect both the skin and internal organs
  • M.ost common symptoms: red or purple patches on the skin.
140
Q

complications of VZV

A

§ pneumonia

§ encephalitis

§ Reye syndrome

141
Q

Cone-shaped, icosahedral core containing the major capsid protein

A

p24 / CA

142
Q
  • only causes disease in immunocompromised hosts
  • causes hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy in patients with solid organ (kidney) and bone marrow transplants
A

BK POLYOMA VIRUS

143
Q

ROSEOLA / EXANTHEM SUBITUM / SIXTH DISEASE

A

HHV-6

*rose-colored macules appear on body after several days of high fever; can present with febrile seizures; usually affects infants

144
Q

two different viruses infect the same cell

A

phenotypic mixing

145
Q

POLIO VACCINES

A

o killed (Salk IPV)

o live, attenuated (Sabin OPV)

146
Q

site of latency of HSV-1:

A

trigeminal ganglia

147
Q

ALL RNA viruses replicate in the CYTOPLASM except

A

INFLUENZA AND RETROVIRUS

148
Q

DOC for CMV

A

Ganciclovir

149
Q

the most important test in Hepa A virus

A

anti-HAV IgM

150
Q

FIFTH DISEASE

A

PARVOVIRUS B19

151
Q

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen

A

3 drugs to prevent resistance: 2 NRTIs (zidovudine and lamivudine) and protease inhibitor (indinavir)

152
Q

involvement of geniculate ganglion causes facial nerve paralysis

A

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome secondary to VZV

153
Q

CARDINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MEASLES

A

3 Cs: Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Koplik spots

154
Q

vesicular centrifugal rash : “dewdrop on a rose petal” appearance

A

VZV

#‼️MICROBIOLOGY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 (5 decks)

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