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#‼️MICROBIOLOGY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 > GENERALITIES > Flashcards

GENERALITIES Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism of Resistance in some Antibiotics

A
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2
Q

• Reducing microbial contamination to an acceptable “safe” level (terminology used in food safety)

A

Sanitization

• Heating cutlery

(e.g. at KFC!)

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3
Q

the only bacteria WITH sterols.

A

mycoplasma

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4
Q

• Rapid cell division occurs

• b-Lactam antibiotics act during this phase

• Constant growth rate

• Continues until either one or more nutrients in the medium become exhausted, or toxic metabolites accumulate and inhibit growth.

A

PHASE 2: LOG OR EXPONENTIAL PHASE

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5
Q

Protein A is found in

A

S. aureus

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6
Q

Appearance of the vacuolated neurons, as well as their loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation

A

SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES

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7
Q
  • Most of the cells die because nutrients have been exhausted
  • Negative growth rate
A

PHASE 4: DECLINE OR DEATH PHASE

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8
Q

o induces the overproduction of cytokines, such as TNF & IL-1

o activates the complement cascade

o activates the coagulation cascade, resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Lipid A

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9
Q

Which of the following is the OLDEST acid-fast staining method, which requires heating the specimen during the procedure?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen

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10
Q
  • Noncellular infectious proteins
  • Naked proteins that have the same amino acid sequence as certain normal human cell surface proteins but have folded differently
  • These are misfolded proteins with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein. They characterize several fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in humans and many other animals
  • Pathology: dysfunction due to protein misfolding
A

PRIONS

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11
Q

• Physical removal of microorganisms by using such things as soaps or detergents

A

Degerming or Cleaning

  • Handwashing with soap and running water
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12
Q

Destroys or eliminating ALL forms of microbial life, including spores

A

Sterilization

  • Steam sterilization (autoclaving)
  • Note that prions require anadapted form ofsterilization because of their high resistanceto any form of sterilization.
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13
Q

Xylose-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) / Fletcher’s Medium

A

Leptospira Interrogans

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14
Q

A–B subunit of Exotoxins

A

o A subunit is the active (toxic) subunit

o B subunit is the binding subunit

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15
Q

completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation

A

Obligate Aerobes

  • • Nocardia, Bacillus cereus, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Leptospira, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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16
Q

mediate attachment of bacteria

A

pili

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17
Q

What are the non-essential components of bacteria?

A
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18
Q

DNA is transfered from one bacterium to another

A

Conjugation

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19
Q

Spore: formed by gram-positive rods, especially ______

A

Bacillus and Clostridium spp

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20
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

50S + 30S = 70S​

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21
Q

Bordet-Gengou Agar

A

Bordetella pertussis

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22
Q

Eukaryotic Ribososmes

A

60S + 40S = 80S

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23
Q

Purified DNA is taken up by a cell

A

Transformation

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24
Q

BACTERIA WITH IGA PROTEASE

A

SHiNe My Gong

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

Neisseria Meningitidis

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

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25
Q

What are the essential components of bacteria

A
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26
Q

utilize oxygen if it is present, but can use fermentation in its absence

A

Facultative Anaerobes

• Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Mycoplasmas (in general)

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27
Q

Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly (BSK)

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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28
Q

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT

A

Bacillus anthracis (polypeptide of D-glutamate)

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29
Q

Lowenstein Jensen Agar

A

M. Tuberculosis

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30
Q

Tellurite Agar

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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31
Q

M Protein is found in

A

S. pyogenes

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32
Q

Bile Esculin Media

A

group D streptococci

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33
Q

Bacterial reproduction occurs via

A

binary fission

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34
Q

Which group of infectious agents does not require DNA as genetic material?

A

Prions

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35
Q

allows adherence to mucous membranes

A

immunoglobulin A (IgA) protease

36
Q

What king of sterols do these organisms have?

Protozoa and animals – ______

Fungi – _______

A

Protozoa and animals – cholesterol

Fungi – ergosterol

37
Q

Which component of the susceptibility to lysozymes?

A

Outer membrane

38
Q

CHOCOLATE AGAR + FACTORS X and V

A

Haemophilus influenzae

39
Q

mediates strong adherence to surface of human cells

A

glycocalyx

40
Q
A
41
Q

Endotoxin Shock is caused by presence of __

A

Lipid A

42
Q

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS) Agar

A

Vibrio cholera

43
Q

exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

• Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium), Lactobacillus

44
Q

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except ____

A

Mycoplasma – Mycoplasma do not have cells walls!

45
Q

All exotoxins are HEAT-LABILE EXCEPT

A

Staphylococcal Enterotoxin

46
Q

Gram Staining Steps

A
47
Q

Colon normal flora

A

Bacteroides, Escherichia coli

48
Q

Exotoxin vs Endotoxin

A
49
Q

Dental plaque normal flora

A

Streptococcus mutans

50
Q

surface proteins called _____ mediate binding to endothelium and to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin

A

curli

51
Q

Eaton

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

52
Q

accelerates formation of a fibrin clot coating the organisms with a layer of fibrin

A

coagulase

53
Q

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER PENETRABILITY

A
54
Q

Unique to Gram (-) organisms

A

Endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide

Periplasmic space

Outer membrane

55
Q

autoclave must reach and maintain a temperature of ______ for around ______ by using saturated steam under at least _____ of pressure.

A

121° C

15-20 minutes

15 psi

56
Q

Vagina normal flora

A
  • Lactobacillus vaginalis
  • Escherichia coli
  • Streptococcus agalactia
57
Q

Lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria consists of ___

A

Lipid A and O antigen → induction of IL-1 & TNF​

58
Q

spread through subcutaneous tissue

A

collagenase and hyaluronidase

59
Q

use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have SOD

A

Microaerophiles

• Streptococcus, spirochetes (Borreliella, Treponema), Campylobacter, Helicobacter

60
Q

Examples of Bacterial Toxins

A
61
Q

Bacteria not seen in Gram Stain

A
62
Q

Eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects

A

Disinfection

  • • Application ofrubbing alcohol – to inanimate objects
63
Q

Unique to Gram (+) organisms

A

Teichoic Acid

64
Q

Charcoal-yeast extract

A

Legionella pneumophila

65
Q
  • Exhaustion of nutrients or the accumulation of toxic products cause growth to cease completely (zero growth rate)
  • Spores are formed
A

PHASE 3: STATIONARY PHASE

66
Q

PROPHAGE-CODED BACTERIA

A

Lysogenized strains of ABCDE

  • shigA – like toxin: EHEC
  • Botulinum
  • Cholera
  • Diphtheria
  • Erythrogenic toxin

*genetic mechanism responsible for the conversion of a nontoxigenic strain to a toxigenic strain is Lysogenic phage conversion

67
Q

toxic component of LPS

A

Lipid A

68
Q

Bacterial Growth Cycle

  • Cells are depleted of metabolites as the result of unfavorable condition
  • Adaptation to new environment
  • Nutrients are incorporated
  • Vigorous metabolic activity occurs but cells do not divide
  • Zero growth rate
A

PHASE 1: LAG PHASE

69
Q

Chocolate Agar

A

N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhea from STERILE SITES

70
Q

All gram-positive bacteria have NO endotoxin EXCEPT

A

Listeria monocytogenes

71
Q

destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages (e.g. Panton-Valentine leucocidin or PVL)

A

leucocidin

72
Q

Antibiotics that have activity against P. aeruginosa include:

A
  • Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, but not Kanamycin)
  • Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, but not Moxifloxacin)
  • Cephalosporins (Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Cefoperazone,Cefpirome, Ceftobiprole, but not Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime, or Ceftriaxone)
  • Antipseudomonal Penicillins: Carboxypenicillins (Carbenicillin and Ticarcillin), and Ureidopenicillins (Mezlocillin, Azlocillin, and Piperacillin). P. aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to all other Penicillins.
  • Carbapenems (Meropenem, Imipenem, Doripenem, but not Ertapenem)
  • Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin)
  • Monobactams (Aztreonam)
73
Q

cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack SOD, peroxidase and catalase

A

Obligate Anaerobes

• Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

74
Q

Skirrows Medium

A

Campylobacter, helicobacter

75
Q

DNA is transferred by a VIRUS from one cell to another

A

Transduction

76
Q

Egg Yolk agar

A

Clostridium perfringens

77
Q
  • microorganisms that are the permanent residents of the body
  • low-virulence organisms in their usual anatomic site
  • colonization resistance occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding
A

NORMAL FLORA

78
Q

Cetrimide Culture medium

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

79
Q

Mannitol Salts

A

Staphylococci

80
Q

Mouth normal flora

A

viridans Streptococci

81
Q

Thayer Martin Agar

A

N. gonorrhea from NONSTERILE sites

82
Q
  • a.k.a. “transposable” elements
  • Mobile genetic elements
  • DNA pieces that move readily from one site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids, and bacteriophages
  • “Jumping genes”
  • “Cut and paste” or “copy and paste”
  • Code for drug-resistant enzymes, toxins, or metabolic enzymes
  • Cause mutations in genes into which they insert (via a mutation) or alter the expression of nearby genes (e.g. causing the activation or repression of antibiotic resistance genes).
A

TRANSPOSONS

83
Q
  • Patient related: Disinfection or living tissue or skin
  • Healthcare worker related: Reduction or removal of transient microbial flora
A

Antisepsis

  • Preoperative skin prep
  • Hand rubbing
84
Q

Lysozymes are enzymes that kill bacteria by cleaving which part of the cell wall?

A

β 1→ 4 glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM

85
Q

a.k.a. Neufeld reaction, a biochemical reaction in which antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule

A

Quellung reaction

86
Q

ACID FAST staining steps

A
  • Primary Stain - CArbol Fuchsin
  • Mordant - Steam Heating
  • DEcolorizing Agent - Acid
  • Counterstain - Malachite Green / Blue

#‼️MICROBIOLOGY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 (5 decks)

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