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MICROBIOLOGY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 > MYCOLOGY > Flashcards

MYCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is associated with a lack of which immune function?

A

T-cell function

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2
Q

new yeast ‘‘buds’’

A

Blastoconidia

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3
Q

Inhibit β-glucan synthase decreasing fungal cell wall synthesis

A

Echinocandins

Caspofungin

Micafungin

Anidulafungin

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4
Q

“ringworm”

A

Tinea corporis

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5
Q

asexual spores of filamentous fungi (molds) or mushrooms

A

Conidia

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6
Q

Which organism causes fungemia in premature infants on IV lipid supplements?

A

Malassezia furfur

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7
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clostridioides difficile

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8
Q

Blocks nucleic acid synthesis by Inhibiting DNA and RNA polymerases

A

Flucytosine

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9
Q
  • endemic in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys
  • grows in soil contaminated with bird droppings (starlings) or bat guano
  • transmission by inhalation of airborne microconidia
A

HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM

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10
Q
  • grows abundantly in soil containing bird (especially pigeon) droppings
  • transmission by inhalation of airborne yeast cells
A

CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

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11
Q

DOC for coccidioidomycosis

A

Amphotericin B, Itraconazole

If meningitis occurs: Fluconazole

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12
Q

switch to a yeast growth form during infection, grow in a mycelial (mold) form at room temperature (25-30°C), and as a yeast at body temperature (37°C).

A

Thermally dimorphic fungi

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13
Q
  • exist only as molds
  • septate hyphae that form V-shaped (dichotomous) branches

*BRANCHING AT ACUTE ANGLES

A

ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS

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14
Q

live in harmony on humans, deriving their nutrition from compounds on body surfaces.

A

COMMENSAL COLONIZERS

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15
Q
  • normal flora of URT, GIT, FGUT
  • may appear as oval yeast with a single bud or as pseudohyphae
  • form germ tubes in serum and chlamydospores in culture
A

CANDIDA ALBICANS

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16
Q
  • grows abundantly in soil containing bird (especially pigeon) droppings
  • transmission by inhalation of airborne yeast cells
A

CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

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17
Q

lack regularly occurring cross walls. These cells are multinucleate and are also called coenocytic. They often are quite variable in width with broad-branching angles

A

Nonseptate or aseptate hyphae

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18
Q

(also known as “herpes tonsurans”, “ringworm of the hair”, “ringworm of the scalp”, “scalp ringworm”, and “tinea tonsurans”) is a cutaneous fungal infection (dermatophytosis) of the scalp. It is caused by Trichophyton and Microsporum.

A

Tinea capitis

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19
Q

Fluffy surface masses of hyphae and their ‘‘hidden’’ growth into tissue or lab medium

A

mycelia

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20
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF FUNGI

A

KOH preparation

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21
Q

DOC for PCP

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

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22
Q
  • ingestion of contaminated peanuts and grains causes liver cancer due to aflatoxin
  • aflatoxin B1 causes G:C → T:A mutation in codon 249 of p53
A

Aspergillus flavus

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23
Q

inflammatory reaction to dermatophytosis at a cutaneous site distant from the primary infection

A

dermatophytid reactions

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24
Q

Mode of transmission of Coccidioides immitis

A

inhalation of arthrospores

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25
Q
  • indeterminate organism
  • major surface glycoprotein undergoes programmed rearrangements
  • diagnosis by staining BAL washings

o toluidine blue

o methenamine silver stain

A

PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII

26
Q

fungal elements in exudates, small skin scales, or frozen sections under a fluorescent microscope, giving the fungus a fluorescent bluewhite appearance on a black background.

A

Calcofluor white stain

27
Q

MCC of meningoencephalitis in HIV

A

CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

28
Q

Spherules

A

• Coccidiomycoses

29
Q

primary mechanism of resistance of C. albicans against azole antifungals

A

Mutations in the 14-alpha-sterol demethylase enzyme

* Azole antifungals (e.g. fluconazole) target demethylase enzymes involved in ergosterol synthesis. Altering these enzymes can consequently render the organism azole resistant.

30
Q

conidia formed by laying down joints in hyphae followed by fragmentation of the hyphal strand

A

Arthroconidia

31
Q

Hyphae (nonseptate)

A

Mucormycosis—species of Rhizopus, Lichtheimia, Cunninghamella, etc.

32
Q
  • dimorphic fungus
  • thick yeast with multiple buds in wheel configuration (mariner’s wheel)
  • restricted to Central and South America
A

PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS

33
Q

• Oval yeast with narrow based bud surrounded by a wide polysaccharide capsule

• India ink preparation

• positive latex agglutination test (CALAS)

A

. CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

34
Q
  • saprophytic molds with nonseptate hyphae withOUT walls and branches at right angles
  • rhino-orbital-cerebral infection with eschar formation
  • patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, burns, or leukemia
A

MUCORMYCOSIS

35
Q

live on dead organic material

A

SAPROBES / SAPROPHYTES

36
Q
  • dimorphic fungus that lives on vegetation
  • occurs most often in gardeners, especially those who prune roses
  • transmission: thorn prick
  • treatment: itraconazole, potassium iodide for cutaneous form; amphotericin B for systemic disease
A

SPOROTRICHOSIS

37
Q

PCP occurs at what CD4 levels

A

< 200

(most common AIDS-defining illness)

38
Q

single-celled fungi, generally round to oval shaped. They reproduce by budding (blastoconidia).

39
Q

ability to switch between a multicellular hyphal and unicellular yeast growth form is a tightly regulated process

known as

A

dimorphic switching

40
Q

• Inhibit fungal P450-dependent enzymes (lanosterol 14-a-demethylase) blocking ergosterol synthesis; resistance can occur with long-term use

A

Azoles

Ketoconazole

Fluconazole

Itraconazole

Posaconazole

Voriconazole

41
Q

liver necrosis due to amanitin and phylloidin

A

Amanita mushrooms

42
Q

Hyphae (septate)

A

Hyalohyphomycosis—species of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Trichosporon, et al.)

43
Q
  • dimorphic fungus
  • round yeast with broad-based bud
  • Endemic in eastern North America, (Ohio, Mississippi)
A

BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS

44
Q
  • dimorphic fungus
  • forms two types of asexual spores
    • tuberculate macroconidia
      • typical thick walls and fingerlike projections
      • important in laboratory identification
    • microconidia
      • smaller, thin, smooth-walled spores
      • if inhaled, transmit the infection
A

HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM

45
Q

Binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, forming leaky pores

A

Polyenes

Amphotericin B

46
Q
  • dimorphic fungus
    • mold in soil
    • spherule (not yeast) in tissue
  • endemic in arid regions of the southwestern United States and Latin America
  • white to tan cottony colonies
A

COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS

47
Q

Valley fever/San Joaquin valley fever/Desert rheumatism

  • Self-limited influenza-like illness with fever, malaise, cough, arthralgia, and headache
  • Hilar adenopathy with pulmonary infiltrates, pneumonia, pleural effusions, or nodules
  • Common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients from the southwest United States
A

COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS

48
Q

Sclerotic cell (brownish cell walls)

A

Chromoblastomycosis

49
Q
  • spaghetti and meatballs appearance on 10% KOH
  • short, unbranched hyphae and numerous spherical cells that resemble bacon and eggs.
A

TINEA VERSICOLOR

50
Q

inhalation of the spores causes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (IgE-mediated)

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

51
Q

skin infections → satellite lesions

A

Candida albicans

52
Q

Pseudomembranous pharyngitis

A

Diphtheria

53
Q

Yeasts with capsules

A

Cryptococcosis

54
Q

interferes with microtubule function in dermatophytes and may also inhibit the synthesis and polymerization of nucleic acids

A

Griseofulvin

55
Q

cross walls of hyphae and occur in the hyphae of the great majority of the disease-causing fungi.

A

Septae or septations

56
Q

filamentous (tube-like) cells of molds (also known as the filamentous fungi) and mushrooms. It grows at the tips (apical growth).

57
Q

Which organism is associated with pseudomembranous esophagitis?

58
Q

Transmission of BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS

A

inhalation of conidia

59
Q

(hyphae with sausage-like constrictions at septations) are formed by some yeasts when they elongate but remain attached to each other.

A

PSEUDOHYPHAE

60
Q

Inhibits epoxidation of squalene

A

Terbinafine

61
Q

Sulfur granules

MICROBIOLOGY - PLE TOPNOTCH 2020 (5 decks)

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