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Case 9 > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Which viruses that can be transmitted to the fetus?

A

Rubella
HIV
CMV

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2
Q

What are the key features of HSV?

A
  • DNA
  • Characterised by life long latency
  • 50-80% = Type 1 = oral
  • 13-70% = Type 2 = genital
  • Neonatal herpes > neurological disability/death
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3
Q

What are the key features of VZV?

A

Primary infection = chickenpox
(complications = encephalitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, death)

Reactivation = Shingles

Live attenuated vaccine

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4
Q

What are the key features of EBV?

A

Causes infectious mononucleosis/glandular fever

  • fatigue, fever, rash, sore throat, swollen neck glands, sore muscles
  • worse if caught later in life
  • latent in B cells

Can lead to Burkitts lymphoma, hodgkins lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Spread by contact with saliva

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5
Q

What are the key features of CMV?

A
  • Latent in bone marrow + circulating monocytes
  • Major cause mortality/morbidity in immunosuppressed
  • Leading infectious cause of congenital malformation
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6
Q

What are the key features of HPV?

A
  • Infect moist membranes + skins
  • Many infections asymptomatic
  • Skin + Genital warts
  • Cancer - cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, throat
  • 6/11 = most common cause genital warts
  • 16/18 = cervical cancers
  • 16 = 90% anal cancers
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7
Q

What agent causes yellow fever and dengue fever?

A

Flavivirus

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8
Q

How is yellow fever transmitted?

A

Saliva of various mosquitos

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9
Q

What is the clinical presentation of yellow fever?

A
  • Similar to influenza

- Serious cases = high temp, hepatitis, jaundice

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10
Q

What lab diagnosis is used for for yellow and dengue fever?

A

Serum
EDTA blood
Serology
PCR

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11
Q

How is yellow fever prevented?

A

Efficient vaccine

Yellow fever clinic in UK

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12
Q

What is the clinical presentation of dengue fever?

A
  • DHF
  • Rashes, headaches, muscle pain
  • Haemorrhagic form often lethal
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13
Q

How is dengue fever treated and prevented?

A

No effective antivirals or vaccine (due to dengue antibody enhancement)

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14
Q

What is antibody enhancement?

A

Primary infection subtype 1

  • antibody response
  • antibodies bind virus + prevent it infecting cells
  • macrophages recruited + destroy virus

Second infection subtype 1
- Pre-exiting antibodies bind virus…

Second infection with subtype 2

  • Pre-existing antibodies bind virus but do not inactivate it
  • Macrophages recruited, but now they become infected
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15
Q

How is hantavirus transmitted?

A
  • Mouse and rat ssp

- Urine/droppings

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16
Q

What is the clinical presentation of hantavirus?

A
  • Hamorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
  • Nephritis and kidney failure
  • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
17
Q

What lab diagnosis used for hantavirus?

A 
Serum 
Urine 
Resp specimen 
EDTA Blood 
Serology 
PCR
18
Q

How is hantavirus treated and prevented?

A

Supportive treatment only

No vaccine

19
Q

What are the key features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

A
  • paramyxovirus
  • very contagious, reinfection possible
  • mostly infects infants > harmless rhinitis > can cause severe upper/lower resp tract infections
  • complications = otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia
  • no vaccine/therapy
20
Q

How can influenza be differentiated from common cold?

A
  • Influenza = lower resp tract infection
  • High fever
  • Headache, shivers, limb + muscle pain, loss of energy, cough, weakness + collapse
  • 8-10 days with severe symptoms
21
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Progressive small changes in envelope proteins through mutation = possible epidemic

22
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Sudden massive changes in envelope protein through reassortment = possible pandemic

23
Q

How can influenza be treated?

A
  1. Neuraminidase inhibition (reduced aerosol load)

2. Amantadine treatment (prevents virus replication)

24
Q

What are the vaccination options for influenza?

A
  1. Flu shot
    - inactivated vaccine containing split virions
    - approved for anyone 6 m +
  2. Nasal-spray
    - LAIV
    - Not for pregnant
25
Q

What agent causes measles?

A
  • Paramyxovirus

- Humans only host

26
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • Koplik spots
  • Fever, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia
  • Makulopapulous exanthema
  • Virus induces immunosuppression
27
Q

What is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?

A
  • Persistent measles infection = measles proteins in brain tissues
  • Measles virus mutated, persisting in CSF
    = Immune response = gradual destruction of CSF
  • Vegetative state + death
28
Q

What is the clinical presentation of virus hepatitis?

A
  • Icterus = jaundice
  • Palmer erythema
  • Ascites
  • Caput medusae
29
Q

What chronic liver diseases can viruses induce?

A
  • Liver cirrhosis

- Hepatocellular carcinoma

30
Q

What is the only way you can catch Hepatitis D?

A

Co-infection with Hep B

31
Q

Hows does Hepatitis B replicate?

A
  • Using reverse transcriptase

- Dane particles/VLP’s produced by virus as form of immuno invasion

32
Q

What are the key features of HBV?

A
  • Hepadnavirus
  • Icterus - more common in children > 5
  • Greater mortality in chronic infections < 5 years
  • Vaccine
  • Incubation time = 60-90 days
  • Therapy - RT inhibitors
33
Q

What is the clinical course of HCV infections?

A

Persistent infection > Chronic hepatitis > Liver cirrhosis > Hepatocellular carcinoma

34
Q

What are the key features of HCV?

A
  • Flavivirus
  • Reinfection possible
  • Asymptomatic > severe hep
  • Incubation time = 2-26 weeks (up to 6m)
  • No vaccine
35
Q

What are the common characteristics of AIDS?

A
  • T cell dysfunction

- HIV severely depletes CD4 + cells

36
Q

What are the key features of HIV?

A
  • Human retrovirus
  • Reinfection possible
  • Causes AIDs
  • No vaccine
  • Therapy = reverse transcriptase inhibitors, proteinase inhibitors (HAART)

Case 9 (11 decks)

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