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FOS 2 > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses are found on few materials.

True or false?

A

False - they’re found on or in just about every material on Earth

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2
Q

Viruses only infect mammals.

True or false?

A

False - they infect every form of life, even other viruses

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3
Q

What is the nucleic acid in viruses?

A

Either DNA or RNA either single stranded or double stranded

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4
Q

What is coating the virus?

A

Protein capsid coat - surrounds DNA or RNA to protect it

Could also have lipid membrane that surrounds the protein coat

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5
Q

How can a virus cause cancer in humans?

A

Viruses aggravate tissues and cause constant inflammation (HPV, HBV, HCV) and chronic infection with a virus can cause cancer at a site of persistent infection

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6
Q

What is meant by saying that viruses are obligate parasites?

A

They require an organisms for their propogation and are otherwise inert.

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7
Q

What is the simplest definition of a virus?

A

A small bundle of information that reprograms a cell to make more of itself.

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8
Q

What is the size range of viruses?

A

30nm to 300nm

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9
Q

What factors are used to classify viruses?

A

Size

Nucleic acid

Coating

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10
Q

What does protein do on a virus?

A

Coat the virus, aiding in entry and initiation of replication

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11
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

Protein

Virus genome

Lipids (sometimes, lipid membrane coat from host cell)

Small cofactors (in some)

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12
Q

Virion

A

Infectious particle oustide of cells composed of nucleic acid, protein capside and possibly an envelope. Can be extracellular or intracellular.

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13
Q

Most viruses have proteins that _____ host cells and immunity

A

Alter

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14
Q

Is the nucleic acid in viruses composed of a single fragment or multiple fragments?

A

It can be either - for example, influenza A virus’s genome has 8 RNA segments

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15
Q

The more ______ the eukaryotic genome, the easier it is to design therapeutic interventions

A

Unlike

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16
Q

Where do viruses bind on host cells for entry?

A

To receptors on the host cell’s surface. This allows either the whole virus to enter or allows the virus genome to enter.

17
Q

What are the 5 basic types of viral symmetry?

A
18
Q

Are naked viruses more or less stable than encapuslated viruses?

A

More stable in environment

19
Q

What are the DNA viruses?

A

Herpes

Hepadna

Adeno

Anello

Papova

Parvo

Pox

20
Q

Arboviruses are transmitted by _____

A

Arthropods (mosquitoes)

21
Q

Naked (No lipid envelope) viruses are transmitted via ________

A

Fecal oral route

22
Q

Enveloped viruses are sensitive to temperature and humidity changes.

True or false?

A

True

23
Q

What is tropism?

A

Entry occurs via virus-receptor interactions

24
Q

What is permissiveness?

A

Entry and replication of virus –> just because a virus enters the cell does not mean the internal cellular environment will allow for replication, need to differentiate between entry and entry + replication (permissiveness)

25
Q

Describe viral replication.

A
26
Q

The diseases caused by the virus is dependent on a virus’s ________

A

Tropism

27
Q

What are viral epitopes?

A

Antigens on the surface of the virus that differ between strains or variants that are recognized by our antibodies

28
Q

What are the different serological methods for detecting viruses?

A

Neutralization - patient antibodies bind to antigen to neutralize antigen

Antigen capture - put antidbody for antigen on plate, run serum over plate, design antibody with probe that binds to antigen (measures amount of antigen in patient)

Indirect ELISA - put antigen on plate, run patient serum over plate, antibodies will bind to antigen, design probe antibody for patient antibody to detect levels of patient antibody

Detect patient antibodies directly - put antibody for patient’s antibody on plate, run serum over plate, design antibody with probe for patient’s antibody –> detect levels of antibody

29
Q

Why are there so few antiviral drugs?

A

Because viruses use an organisms enzymes to replicate so you can’t target the host’s enzymes or there will be terrible side effects. As such, most antivirals target virus specific proteins.

30
Q

What is a modified live vaccine?

A

One where a small amount of the virus is allowed to replicate in the host and produces mild clinical signs. They contain live organisms and may cause disease in stressed hosts or if given via the wrong route.

31
Q

What is a killed inactivated vaccine?

A

Either the whole pathogen or just part of it that is totally inactive

32
Q

What are some examples of novel vaccines?

A

Recombinant protein vaccines (make protein from virus, only produces humoral response, high cost)

Subunit vaccines

Toxoid vaccines

Conjugate vaccines

33
Q

Describe the process of action of a live attenuated virus.

A
34
Q

What are some examples of viruses with dsDNA?

With ssDNA?

With dsRNA?

With ssRNA?

A

HPV, EBV, HSV

Polio, common cold

Rotavirus

Influenza, measles, ebola

FOS 2 (44 decks)

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