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FOS 2 > Normal Pediatric Development > Flashcards

Normal Pediatric Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

The biological, psychological and social processes that begin in utero and continue over a lifespan

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2
Q

Children’s health is the extent to which a child is able to do … (3 things).

A
  • Develop & realize their potential
  • Satisfy their needs
  • Develop capacities
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3
Q

What is a developmental milestone?

What are the various categories (lines) in which development is assessed?

A

Growth

Motor

Language

Cognitive

Social

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4
Q

What is considered during neonatal development?

A

Gestational age at birth

Birth weight

Head circumference

In utero exposures (i.e. EtOH)

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5
Q

Preterm birth

  • Defined as delivery prior to _____ completed weeks of gestation
  • Is the leading cause of infant _____&______
  • How is preterm birth related to risk for severe morbidity?
  • Preterm births affect ____% of all pregnancies
  • Preterm infants are at greater risk for what 3 things?
A
  • 37
  • mortality and morbidity
  • the more premature they are the more at risk they are (inverse relationship)
  • 10
  • (1) Death in 1st year of life (2) emotional, behavioral, and learning problems (3) physical and intellectual disabilities
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6
Q

Preterm births are steadily increasing by small increments year to year due largely to an increase in _____ terms births, which is birth between 34 - 37 weeks.

A

Late preterm

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7
Q

Preterm births disproportionately affect what 2 demographics?

A

Hispanic women

Non-hispanic black women

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8
Q

What is the average term infant weight?

What is a low birth weight?

What is a very low birth weight?

What is an extremely low birth weight?

What classifies a neonate as small for gestational age?

What classifies a neonate as large for gestational age?

A

3500 grams

< 2500 grams

< 1500 grams

< 1000 grams

< 10th percentile

> 90th percentile

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9
Q

What are some reasons that a neonate might be born small for their gestational age?

A

Because they did not achieve full in utero growth potential (growth restriction)

  • Multiple gestation (multiple babies delivered in same pregnancy)
  • Maternal factors (malnutrition, medical conditions)
  • Problems delivering nutrients (placental abnormalities)
  • Congenital infection
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10
Q

Infants who are at risk for large for gestational age are at risk for perinatal morbidity and long term _________

A

Metabolic complications

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11
Q

What is the average head circumference?

What is microcephaly?

What is macrocephaly?

A

35cm +/- 2cm

< 33cm

> 37cm

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12
Q

Microcephaly can be caused by what 4 things?

A

Genetic

Infectious

Toxic

Metabolic

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13
Q

Macrocephaly can be caused by what 4 things?

A

Excess brain parenchyma

Excess CSF

Excess bone

Increased intracranial pressure

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14
Q

Alcohol is a teratogen that causes _______ CNS effects at all stages of gestation

A

irreversible

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15
Q

FASD can affect what aspects of fetal development?

A

Physical, behavioral, cognitive

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16
Q

What are 3 telling facial signs of FASD?

A
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17
Q

What is the Fetal Origins Hypothesis or the Barker hypothesis?

A

Alterations in embryonic nutrition and endocrine status during gestation can result in developmental adaptations that produce permament changes in structural, physiological, metabolic and epigenetic changes thereby predisposing their children to cardiovascular, metabolic and endocrine diseases as adults

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18
Q

What are the goals of newborn screening programs?

A

To detect disorders that are threatening to life or long-term health before they become symptomatic

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19
Q

Neonatal screening varies from state to state.

True/false

A

True

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20
Q

Birth weight _____ in the first 4-5 months

Birth weight _____ in the first 12 months

Length increases by _____ in the first 12 months

A

Doubles

Triples

50%

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21
Q

Brain mass ____ in the first 12 months.

This increase in brain mass is due to what?

A

Doubles

Growth of existing neurons, myelination of axons and proliferation of glial cells

22
Q

Functional brain development and performance are dependent on what?

A

Use!

23
Q

Neurons reach a constant number by _______ in gestation.

Synaptic density ______ during the first 2 years of life.

Synaptic density ____ until puberty and this is called “______”

A

28 weeks

Steeply rises

Declines, synaptic pruning

24
Q

Why is the density of synapses front loaded in life?

A

Because the large surplus of synapses is needed in phases of life with large plastic changes

25
Q

What is a critical period?

A

Developmental phases during which a certain skill, behavior, or mental capacity is normally acquired. After this period, neuroplasticity is lower and the probability of raeching a normal level of perception or behavior declines.

26
Q

What gross and fine motor development milestones would you expect in an infant?

A
27
Q

Infant movement develops in what direction?

A

Cephalo-caudal & proximodistal pattern

28
Q

What gross developmental milestones would you expect for a toddler?

A
29
Q

What fine motor developmental milestones would you expect in a toddler?

A
30
Q

What is a unique developmental milestone that occurs in toddlers?

A

Toilet training, ages 2 - 4

31
Q

What gross and fine motor developmental milestones are expected in early childhood?

A
32
Q

What are night terrors

A
33
Q

What gross and fine motor developmental milestones are expected in middle childhood?

A
34
Q

When do most of the neural connections for langauge develop?

A

Within the first year of life

35
Q

What language milestones do you expect for an infant?

A
36
Q

What language developmental milestones would you expect for toddlers?

A
37
Q

What language developmental milestones would be expected in early childhood?

A
38
Q

When do most neural connections for higher cognitive function develop?

A

Between ages 1 - 3

39
Q

What is a key developmental milestone for an infant?

A

Object permanence - know an object exists even if not in field of vision

40
Q

What are important cognitive developmental milestones for toddlers?

A

Egocentrism

Symbolic play

Parallel play (toddlers play near each other but not with each other)

41
Q

What are important cognitive developmental milestones in early childhood?

A

Imaginative play

Associate play (group activity/cooperation)

Learn by imitation

Learn to share

42
Q

What are important cognitive developmental milestones of middle childhood?

A

Conservation - ability to consider more than one characteristic of an object simultaneously

Elimination of egocentrism - ability to view things from another’s perspective

43
Q

What is an important social developmental milestone in an infant?

A

Attachment - relationship between infant and primary caregiver that provides infant with sense of safety, security, and comfort

Social smile - selectively recognizes mother and smiles in response

Stranger anxiety

Separation anxiety

44
Q

What impact do abuse and neglect have on infant attachment?

A

They prevent formation of attachments with negative consequences for future personality development and ability to form relationships

45
Q

Secure vs. insecure attachment is powerful predictor of what later in life?

A

Social and emotional development

46
Q
A
47
Q

What important social developmental milestones are expected for a toddler?

A

Social referencing - look to caregiver for emotional cues

Joint attention - understanding of others’ behavior

Gender identity - sense of being male or female is estabilshed by age 3

Separates easily from parents

48
Q

What are important social developmental milestones in early childhood?

A

Moral development - motivated primarily by desire to avoid punishment

More task autonomy

49
Q

What are important social developmental milestones in middle childhood?

A

Moral development - internalization of values and principles

Social cognition - person’s sense of self relative to others

Develop empathy

50
Q

When is the best time to perform elective surgery on a child?

A

School aged children - they cope relatively well with hospitalization

FOS 2 (44 decks)

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