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MTAP 1 MIDTERMS > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics: Obligate intracellular; unable to reproduce itself outside host cell

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Viruses are acellular and they replicate in ____

A

host cells

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3
Q

all viruses are haploid except:

A

retroviruses - diploid

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4
Q

Viruses have either __ or __ but not both

A

RNA or DNA

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5
Q

Measure of viruses

A

20-300 mm in diameter

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6
Q

Virus may be _______: infection that leads to death

A

virulent

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7
Q

____ viruses produce infections but do not cause death

A

temperate

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8
Q

Entire infectious unit of virus

A

Virion

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9
Q

contains the genetic material (either rna or dna)

A

Genome/Nucleic acid

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10
Q

encloses the genome; protein in nature; may be helical, icosahedral or complex

A

Capsid

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11
Q

Capsid assembling in a cubic manner

A

icosahedral

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12
Q

Rod like capsid

A

helical

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13
Q

Virus with complex symmetry

A

Poxviridae

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14
Q

genome enclosed in a capsid

A

nucleocapsid

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15
Q

morphological units on capsid surface

A

Capsomeres

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16
Q

smallest functional unit equivalent to building units of the capsid

A

Protomers

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17
Q

composed of lipids and polysaccharides: ether sensitive

A

Enveloped

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18
Q

without outer membrane: ether resistant/stable

A

Naked/non-enveloped

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19
Q

usually seen on enveloped

facilitates transfer of nucleic acid from one host cell to another

A

Protein spikes

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20
Q

In general, RNA viruses replicate

A

cytoplasm

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21
Q

DNA viruses replicates

A

nucleus

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22
Q

suffix: refers to virus family

A

-idae

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23
Q

suffix: subfamily classification of virus

A

-inae

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24
Q

suffix for genera/genus for virus

A

virus

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25
Q

virus-like infectious protein particles causing neurologic diseases in animals and in man

A

prions

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26
Q

Example of prions

A

Scrapie
Kuru
Creutzfeldt-jakob disease
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)

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27
Q

Steps in Viral Replication

A

Attachment/Adsorption

Penetration and uncoating

Biosynthesis (eclipse case)

Morphogenesis/Assembly to produce one virion

Release extracellular fluid

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28
Q

Collection period of convalescent specimen in virus

A

2-3 weeks

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29
Q

Before freezing the specimen (virus)

A

Dilute or emulsify in transport media

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30
Q

Best specimen for maximum recovery of viruses

A

directly aspirated secretions

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31
Q

Swabs of viruses must be made with

A

synthetic swab (dacron fibers or nylon)

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32
Q

Calcium alginate swab must be avoided as this is toxic to ____ virus

A

HSV

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33
Q

Urine specimen of virus should be neutralized with ____ to remove vaginal flora

A

7.5% sodium bicarbonate

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34
Q

Blood specimen for viruses recommended volume:

A

3-5 mL

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35
Q

preferred anticoagulant for virus collection

A

Heparin or Citrate

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36
Q

serum specimen preferred anticoagulant ________ for nucleic acid testing of virus

A

EDTA (pearl top tube)

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37
Q

____ inhibits DNA polymerase and therefore not to be used in nucleic acid testing

A

Heparin

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38
Q

Viral Transport Media: maintain pH at ___

A

7.2

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39
Q

Indicator for Viral Transport medium

A

phenol red

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40
Q

Components of viral transport medium

A

buffered isotonic solution, protein, antibiotics

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41
Q

Specimens for virus collection must be kept cool at ____

A

4 deg C

42
Q

Storage temperature up to 5 days: virus

A

4 deg C

43
Q

Storage temperature for 6 days or longer: virus

A

-20 deg C or -70 deg C

44
Q

Storage temperature of virus within 72 hours

A

2-8 deg C

45
Q

Specimen for freezing/emulsified in VTM dilution

A

1:2 or 1:5

46
Q

Example of viral transport medium

A

modified stuart media
modified hanks medium
veal infusion broth
levibovits - emory medium
hank’s balance salt solution

47
Q

Specimen for detecting: influenza virus

A

Throat swab

48
Q

Specimen for detecting parainfluenza

A

nasal washing

49
Q

Specimen for detecting RSV (gastroenteritis)

A

nasopharyngeal aspirate

50
Q

Specimen for detecting norwalk agent

A

Rectal swab

51
Q

Specimen for detecting rotavirus

A

stool

52
Q

Specimen for detecting VZV

A

skin scrapings/lesion swab

53
Q

Specimen for detecting HSV

A

Vesicular fluid

54
Q

Specimen to rule out CMV

A

Urine

55
Q

Specimen for detecting ENCEPHALITIS/ASEPTIC Meningitis / togavirus

A

Blood/CSF

56
Q

least sensitive for virus detection

A

Direct Microscopic Exam/ Cytology & Histology

57
Q

Used to to visualize pox viruses (largest DNA viruses)

A

Light microscopy

58
Q

For visualizing virus morphology

A

Electron microscopy

59
Q

Used to detect viral inclusions (virus particles found in either nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells)

A

Phase contrast microscope

60
Q

Viral inclusion: negri bodies

A

Rabies virus

61
Q

Viral inclusions for Yellow fever virus

A

Torres inclusion bodies

62
Q

Viral inclusions for Fowl Pox Virus

A

Bollinger bodies

63
Q

Viral inclusions for Variola and Varizella

A

Guarneri paschen bodies

63
Q

Cells seen in PAP stained smears

used for diagnostic of HPV infection

A

Koilocytes

64
Q

atypical squamous with very large nucleus surrounded by a non staining halo

A

Koilocytes

65
Q

Smear for detection of VZV, HSV inclusion from a stained smear (giemsa/paps - routine stain)

A

Tzanck smear

66
Q

Gold standard for Virology

Most widely used for virus isolation (shell vial)

A

Viral culture/Cell culture

67
Q

type of culture that uses normal mature adult cells (passage/use once or twice)

A

Primary cell culture

68
Q

Most common primary cell culture

A

Kidney cells (rhesus monkey or rabbit kidney)

69
Q

Primary Monkey Kidney cells (African Green Monkey) are excellent for recovery of

A

myxoviruses and many enteroviruses, RSV and measles virus, adenoviruses

70
Q

uses embryonic or fetal cells (actively dividing; cell division)

A

Diploid cell line/ Semi-continuous cell lines

71
Q

Passage of diploid cell line

A

50

72
Q

Diploid cell line are usually taken from

A

embryonic tissues; usually fibroblasts from lung or foreskin

73
Q

Diploid cell line for detecting CMV

A

Human diploid fibroblast/ Human embryonic fibroblast

74
Q

human fetal diploid is used for isolation of

A

VZV and HSV

75
Q

Continuous cell line uses ___ and passage indefinitely

A

malignant or cancer cells

76
Q

Cell line for adenovirus, HSV and RSV

A

Hep-2 continuous cell line

77
Q

From cervical cancer cells

A

HeLa

78
Q

Hep2 are from ______

A

laryngeal cancer cells

79
Q

Change in either nucleus or cytoplasm due to the presence of virus

A

CPE/Cytopathic Effect

80
Q

CPE: Pyknosis condensation of nucleus; exhibited by

A

picornavirus

81
Q

Formation of fused cells: formation of large cells are seen in

A

paramyxovirus

82
Q

Vacuoles in cytoplasm: foamy degeneration (type of CPE) seen in

A

papillomavirus, polyomavirus

83
Q

Swelling and clumping of cells (grape like cluster) are seen in

A

adenovirus

84
Q

Proliferation of nuclear membrane are seen in

A

alpha herpes viruses

85
Q

CPE Interpretation: Uninfected monolayer

A

Negative

86
Q

CPE Interpretation: Atypical alteration of monolayer involving few cells

A

Equivocal

87
Q

CPE Interpretation: 1% to 25% of monolayer exhibits cytopathic effects (CPE)

A

1+

88
Q

CPE Interpretation: 25% to 50% of monolayer exhibits CPE

A

2+

89
Q

CPE Interpretation: 50% to 75% of monolayer exhibits CPE

A

3+

90
Q

CPE Interpretation: 76% to 100% of monolayer exhibits CPE

A

4+

91
Q

Viral culture incubation temp

A

35 to 37 deg C

92
Q

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate: rapid and specific; directly stains virus

A

Direct Immunofluorescence

93
Q

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Interpretation: No apple-green fluorescence

A

Negative

94
Q

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Interpretation: faint yet unequivocal apple-green fluorescence

A

1+

95
Q

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Interpretation: apple green fluorescence

A

2+

96
Q

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Interpretation: bright apple-green fluorescence

A

3+ / 4+

97
Q

refers to the attachment or adherence of the RBCs to the surface of the virus

A

Hemadsorption

98
Q

Hemadsorption can be observed to those that do not produce CPEs such as: (PIM)

A

Influenza, Parainfluenza & Mumps

99
Q

Extensive antigenic cross reactivity for serologic testing is seen in

A

HSV and VZV
Japanese B encephalitis and Dengue
CMV and EBV

100
Q

Test extremely sensitive: to determine viral genome

A

PCR; Molecular technique

MTAP 1 MIDTERMS (6 decks)

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