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Virology + Infectious Agents > Viral Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Viral Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

example of inapparent infection? what was the virus and type of virus? how was it spread? symptoms? how was this determined?

A

Flaviridae family: West Nile Virus
- +ssRNA with envelope
- mosquitos
- mainly no-low symptoms
- sequencing - use phylogenetic tree to find that New York West Nile Virus and Israel West Nile Virus are almost identical

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2
Q

First virus known to cause
disease in humans?

A

Yellow Fever Virus from US soldiers getting sick when coming back from Cuba

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3
Q

what was learned from yellow fever virus?

A
  • Inject a virus in humans
  • Virus can kill humans
  • Virus can induce pathogenesis
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4
Q

How does viral pathogenesis occur ?

A

Cell = susceptible + permissive
The “right” # of virus particles.
This is virus “specific”

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5
Q

what is viral pathogenesis? (2 parts)

A

To produce a disease.

  1. EFFECTS OF VIRAL REPLICATION ON HOST
  2. EFFECTS OF HOST RESPONSE ON VIRUS AND HOST (immune response)
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6
Q

what was the mousepox experiment?

A
  1. inject mosepox into footpad
  2. swelling in site of inocculation
  3. The host response to replication in the skin results in a rash after viremia
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7
Q

what is viremia?

A

presence of virions in the blood

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8
Q

what is primary viremia?

A

progeny virions released in blood
after initial replication at the site of entry

(virions to other organs)

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9
Q

what is secondary viremia?

A

delayed appearance of virions in the blood

(virions to skin focal infection=rashes)

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10
Q

what are entry points in humans for viruses?

A
  1. conjunctiva (outer surface of eye)
  2. respiratory
  3. alimentary
  4. urogenital
  5. skin breaks

muscal lunings in 2-4 tracts

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11
Q

how are virions inactivated on skin?

A
  • acidic (pH = 5.5) on skin surface
  • Anti-viral peptides
  • Dryness
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12
Q

how is the skin a virus stopping point?

A
  1. outer layer (epidermis) has dead cells which violate the “host requirement”
  2. skin can be broken by insects (virus enters through blood) to allow dermis access
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13
Q

Mucosal membranes and cells covering the eyes
are lined with

A

“live” cells (susceptible + permissive)

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14
Q

how is respiratory tract breached by viruses? example?

A

aerosolized droplets (cough or sneeze) or through contact of saliva breeches** muscus protection**

ex. rhinovirus, influenza virus

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15
Q

how is alimentary tract breached by viruses?

A
  • enter with food but must survive acidic envirn.
  • absorbed by SI

ex. reovirus causes gastroenteritis

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16
Q

what is reovirus an example of?

A

Non-enveloped example for entry

17
Q

how is lower alimentary tract breached by viruses? example?

A
  • virus does not have to withstand harsh environment of upper alimentary tract

ex. HIV anal intercourse

18
Q

how is urogenital tract breached by viruses? example?

A
  • sexual activity will create tears and abrasions allowing viral entry
  • retrovirus HIV, HPV
19
Q

how is conjunctiva breached by viruses? example?

A
  • Eye cornea covered by layer of cells called the conjunctiva
  • Blinking is a defense mechanism

adenoviruses infect conjunctiva

20
Q

what is virus shedding?

A

Release of virions from infected individual (causing transmission)

21
Q

what is Transmission?

A

Virus population will survive if many infections in series occur in a host population

22
Q

ex. of virus shedding?

A
  • feces
  • blood
  • milk
  • urine, semen
  • skin lesions
  • aerosol
23
Q

how does non-enveloped vs enveloped viruses compare in terms of shedding and transmission?

A

non enveloped - hard protein shell
- withstand more things like low pH
- transmission: resp, fecal-oral, fomites

enveloped
- more fragile
- transmission: mainly aerosol
- sensitive to low pH

24
Q

fomites?

A

objects contaminated
by virus

25
Q

modes of transmission?

A
  • Iatrogenic: Health Care worker infects a patient
  • Nosocomial: Patient infected while in a hospital
  • Vertical: Parent to offspring
  • Germline: Genomic transfer
  • Horizontal: None of the above. Transmission between two same or different species
26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Picornaviridae species Hep A Virus?

A
  • entry: alimentary tract (raw shellfish contaminated with sewage)
    • stranded RNA genome
  • spread to live (jaundice)
  • virus incubate 1 month

Virology + Infectious Agents (13 decks)

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