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Virology + Infectious Agents > Protzoans & Helminths > Flashcards

Protzoans & Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

what is TRYPANOSOMIASIS?

A
  • protozoan parasite
  • flagellete
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2
Q

what are the types of TRYPANOSOMIASIS? What are their vectors?

A
  1. African trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness) vector: Trypanosoma brucei (Tsetse Fly)
  2. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) vector:Trypanosoma cruzi (Kissing Bug)
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3
Q

What are the subspecies of AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS?

A
  1. East African trypanosomiasis: parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
  2. West African trypanosomiasis: parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
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4
Q

how are AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS transmitted? Where are they found?

A

Both types of African trypanosomiasis are transmitted by the tsetse fly which is found only in rural Africa

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5
Q

What type of reproductive life cycle of africal trypanosomiasis in humans? tstesi fly?

A

diheteroxenous:
tsestsi fly gut: definitive
humans: intermediate

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6
Q

what is an important way T. brucei evades immune system?

A

antigenic switching: T. brucei cell surface covered by a variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) but there are 2500 genes and pseudogenes

transcribes only one VSG at one time

(makes one lipoprotein, stops making it, makes another type)

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7
Q

how are the symptoms of West African Sleeping Sickness T. brucei gambiense and East African Sleeping Sickness T. brucei rhodesiense different?

A

gambiense: symptoms develop over months post fly bite and progress to 2nd stange in 300-500 days

rhodensiense: symptoms develop 1-3 weeks post fly bite and progress to 2nd stange in 30-60 days

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8
Q

what are the symptoms of trypanosomiasis?

A

1st stage: hemolyphatic stage (headache, weakness, fever)
2nd stage: CNS involvement reverse sleep cycle, neorological distrubances

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9
Q

WHat are metazoam parasites?

A
  • larger than protozoams
  • eukaryotic, multicellular
  • ecto- and endo parasitic lifestyles
  • macroscopic
  • can vary in size (mm to m)
  • helminths and arthropods
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10
Q

What are the types of helminths?

A
  1. nemotodes: non-segmented roundworms
  2. cestodes: segmented flatworms
  3. trematodes: non-segmented flat worms
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11
Q

what are helminths mechanisms of entry?

what are helminths niche selection?

A
  1. fecal-oral
  2. transdermal
  3. vector-born
  4. predator-prey (prey has parasite)

variable!

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12
Q

What are helminths immune evasion strategies?

A
  1. Incorporates host serum proteins on surface—hide from immune response
  2. Inhibits complement system
  3. Secretes of anti-inflammatory molecules
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13
Q

What are helminths non immune evasion strategies?

A
  1. Avoiding direct contact with host tissue (e.g., living in the lumen of the small intestine)
  2. Pausing life cycle when host develops resistance
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14
Q

what is Ascaris lumbricoides?

A
  • most common helminths
  • large nematodes that parasitize small intensine
  • high infection rate in world
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15
Q

how is Ascaris lumbricoides transmitted? what type of life cycle?

A

ingestion of eggs via fecal contamination of soil, food, water

monoxenous: humans definitive host

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16
Q

** Ascaris lumbricoides** symptoms?

A
  • rare symptoms
  • mild abdominal discomfort
  • when untreated, other factors are harmful (overlap with malaria locations, fever)
17
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides treatment?

A

anthelmintic medications (drugs that remove parasitic worms from body)

18
Q

what is Taenia saginata

A
  • beef tapeworm
  • large cestodes that parasitize small intestine
19
Q

how is Taenia saginata passed to humans?

A
  • cows infected from soil contamination of Taenia eggs from human feces
  • humans eat undercooked beef
20
Q

Taenia saginata symptoms?

A
  • low-no symptoms
  • indigestion
21
Q

Taenia saginata treatment?

A

Anthelmintic meds kill worms in digestive tract and excreted in feces

22
Q

antiparasitic measures?

A
  1. hygiene
  2. safe drinking water
  3. safe sanitation
  4. vector control
23
Q

how can vectors of parasites be controled?

A
  1. reducing of vector breeding areas
  2. bed net/physical barrier
  3. pesticide treatment
  4. genetically modified mosquitos (zikavirus)
24
Q

Taenia saginata reproductive life cycle?

A

diheteroxenous: humans definitive, cows intermediate

25
Q

difference between taenia saginata and ascaris

A

hemaphrodites (reproduction with same organism)

Virology + Infectious Agents (13 decks)

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