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Virology + Infectious Agents > Medical Mycology > Flashcards

Medical Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

what are negative effects of fungus?

A
  • crops economogy
  • asthma irritation of fungal spores
  • infect many tissues
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2
Q

what are mycoses?

A

infection caused by fungus

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3
Q

what are mycotoxins?

A

apart from invasive mycoses, fungi release toxins in food and airborne

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4
Q

jobs that disrupt environment…

A

increase chances of fungal infection

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5
Q

the burden of fungal disease compared to malaria?

A

much less

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6
Q

what is transient exposure?

A

fungal colonization on skin (occurs without host knowledge)

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7
Q

most fungi have…

A

low virulence

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8
Q

why is it difficult to diagnose fungal infection?

A

similar symptoms to bacteria and viruses = misdiagnosis

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9
Q

what are the ways of classifications of mycoses?

A
  1. site of infection
  2. route of acquision (exogenous:environement/endogenous: commensal)
  3. type of virulence
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10
Q

what are potential sites of infection for mycoses?

A
  1. superficial (skin surface)
  2. cutaneous (epidermis layer)
  3. subcutaneous (wound in dermal layer)
  4. systemic (bloodstream)

all besides systemic can clear on its own

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11
Q

what are Types of fungal virulence

A
  1. primary mycoses (uncommon, healthy)
  2. opportunistic mycoses (immunocompromised, common)
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12
Q

superficial and cutaneous mycoses are caused by

A

dermatophytes

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13
Q

dermatophytes infections are caused by – in the genera

A

molds

trichophyton, microsporum, and epidermophyton

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14
Q

dermatophytes infections are usually—

A

self-liming with no ceppular immune response bc superficial and not much redness

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15
Q

what is the dermatophytes fungi treatment?

A

topical antifungal drug or in sever cases, oral drugs

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16
Q

examples of dermatophytes infections?

A

athletes foot and ringworm

17
Q

what are common types of opportunistic fungal pathogens?

A
  • Candida budding yeasts with haephal projections
  • Aspergillus mold spores
18
Q

risk factors for fungal infection?

A
  1. HIV/AIDS infection
  2. solid organ transplants (suppress immunity meds)
  3. cancer chemo
  4. granulocytopenia: deficient in neutrophils
  5. premature birth
  6. old age (defective immunity)
  7. corticosteroid use (suppress immunity)
  8. broad spec antibiotics (kills good and bad bacteria)
  9. certral vascular catheters
  10. gasterointerestinal surgery (contaminated tools)
  11. colonization with fungus (recurrent)

CCCGGPOOHA

19
Q

Where can Candidiasis species be found?

A

innocuous carrying on skin/epithelial surfaces

20
Q

What is the most infectious Candidasis species?

A

Candidiasis albicans

21
Q

Types of Superficial candidiasis infections? characteristics of each?

A

oropharyngeal candidiasis
- oral, breastfed infants, ORAL thresh

denture stomatitis
- ulcers in mouth - elderly detures

vulvovaginal candidiasis
- antibiotic use

chronic mucocutaneous cadidiasis
- recurrent

22
Q

virulence factors of candida?

A
  1. adhesins (attach to epithelial cells)
  2. dimorphism
  3. phenotypic switching (discrete change colour and protein)
  4. extracellular hydrolases (proteins that host cells have to prevent attack)
23
Q

how does candidiasis become invasive?

A
  1. budding yeast form
  2. adhere to epithelial cells and dimorphism
  3. hyphael projections invade epidermis
  4. enter blood stream
24
Q

Candida diagnosis?

A
  1. culture medium inoculum (swab skin and blood)
  2. detect anti-candida antibodies and antigens in blood
  3. DNA fingerprinting, micoarrays, PCR to see if endemic region
25
Q

what type of fungus is Aspergillus? where is it found

A

filamentus, saprophytic fungus always present in environment

found in decaying vegetation and soil

26
Q

common infectious ASPERGILLOSIS in humans?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

27
Q

CONIDIA OF ASPERGILLUS? immune response?

A

A. fumigatus conidia (spores) in air and inhaled and penetrate lower Respiratory tract
- Immunocompetent individuals: conidia are detected and destroyed by alveolar macrophages
- Immunocompromised individuals: spores settle, germinate, and invade, (invasive aspergillosis)

28
Q

virulence factors of aspergillus?

A
  1. thermal tolerance (cold and fever)
  2. proteinase production (degrades extracellular matrix)
  3. gliotoxin production: causes apoptosis due to toxins
  4. environmental stress resistant (pH, salt, temp)
29
Q

steps for aspergillosis invasion in blood stream?

A
  1. spores inhaled to lungs
  2. spore on surface of cell
  3. hyphael projections allow entry past alveolar cells from dimorphism
  4. dissemenation in blood
30
Q

asperogilliosis symptoms?

A
  1. high mortality rate ( >50%)
  2. recurrent, hard to get rid of
  3. nonspecific fever, chest discomfort, cough with blood
31
Q

asperogilliosis diagnosis?

A
  • histopathological analysis
  • culure of biopsy bronchoalveolar lavage fluid taken from the infected area of the lung post mortem

cloudy lung xray

32
Q

what are endemic systemic mycoses?

A

targets immunocompetent

primary pathogens

covers a lot of the globe

have dimorphic switch (yeast or filamentous)

33
Q

why are antifungal agents difficult to make?

A

fungus similar to humans

34
Q

3 types of antifungal agent targets?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cell wall
  3. nucleic acid/protein synthesis
35
Q

How is Plasma Membrane targeted by antifungal agents?

A
  1. polyenes: binds to ergosterol and removes from plasma membrane
  2. azoles: targets ergosterol producing enzyme
36
Q

How is Cell Wall targeted by antifungal agents?

A
  1. echinocandins: targets B-glucans - chitin binders
  2. nikkomycin: targets chitin production
37
Q

How is Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis targeted by antifungal agents?

A
  1. 5-flurocytosine: uptake and cell turns it to 5’UTP used in RNA/DNA synthesis and disrupts
  2. sordarin: protein synthesis by targeting tRNA
38
Q

what is combination therapy for antifungal agents?

A

combination of fungicidal and static (slow growth) drugs (helps for resistance)

39
Q

what are the challenges of getting rid of fungal infection?

A
  1. early diagnosis
  2. limited antifungal drugs
  3. cytotoxicity (harmful off target effects to host)
  4. antifungal resistance
  5. emerging pathogens

Virology + Infectious Agents (13 decks)

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