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Immunology & Serology > Viral Hepatitis > Flashcards

Viral Hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis Definition

A

general term for inflammation of the liver

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2
Q

Detection of liver inflammation

A

liver enzymes elevated from damaged or dying liver cells

ALT & AST

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3
Q

Causes of Hepatitis

A

viruses, alcohol, drugs, toxins, autoimmunity

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4
Q

Viral agents of acute hepatitis can be divided into 2 major groups

A

primary hepatitis virus: A, B, C, D, E & G

secondary hepatitis virus: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) & CMV etc

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5
Q

Acute Hepatitis symptoms

A

general flu like symptoms etc etc

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6
Q

Chronic Hepatitis symptoms

A

liver tenderness, JAUNDICE, dark urine, and light or clay colored feces

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7
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Jaundice - yellowing of the skin & whites of the eyes

unless increased RBC lysis, jaundice indicates livery injury

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8
Q

Hepatitis A General Characteristics

A

small RNA containing picornavirus, nonenveloped, single stranded RNA
produces an acute hepatitis NOT CHRONIC

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9
Q

Hepatitis A epidemiology & transmission

A

HAV is primarily a disease of young children in developing countries
fecal- oral route!
can be blood borne

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10
Q

HAV markers

A

HAV Ag- shed in the feces & normally not tested for
IgM Ab- detectable in serum indicates acute infection
IgG Ab- indicates immunity to the virus

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11
Q

Vaccine available for HAV?

A

yes for children & high risk adults

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12
Q

Hepatitis B General Characteristics

A

major cause of morbidity & mortality throughout the world mostly in China & Asia
DNA virus, enveloped, Double-shelled ‘ Dane Particle’

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13
Q

4 gene products of HBV

A

HBs, HBcore, HBpolymerase, HBX (transcription factor)

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14
Q

HBV epidemiology & transmission

A

LONG incubation period (45-90 days)
much more stable of a virus than retro viruses:
Percutaneous : contaminated needle stick etc
Permucosal: sexual intercourse & perinatal

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15
Q

HBV Surface Antigen

A

protein present on surface of virus, initial detectable marker found in serum
persence indicats active HBV infection (acute & chronic)

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16
Q

HBV Surface Antibody

A

develops during the recovery from HBV infeciton

serologic marker of recovery & immunity

17
Q

HBV core antigen

A

only present in infected liver cells & is not detected in the blood

18
Q

HBV acute infection

A

1st to appear is HBsAg then anti HBs antibody

19
Q

HBV chronic infection

A

HBsAG is positive, virus remains in body after acute infection is over
NO presence of anti-HBsAg antibody
risk of progressing to chronic is age dependent (90% in infants)

20
Q

HDV General Characteristics

A

parentally transmitted infection that can only occur in the presence of HBV!
uses HBsAg to assemble into new particles & attach and enter new cells
circular RNA & a single protein, delta antigen, surrounded by HBV viral envelop

21
Q

HDV epidemiology & transmission

A

uncommon in the US, predominantly IV drug users & sexual partners
high mortality rate
co-infection w/ HBV or superinfection

22
Q

Co-infection with HBV

A

in which infection of HDV & HBV occurs simultaneously

23
Q

Superinfection

A

in which HDV infects individuals who are already chronic HBV carriers

24
Q

HDV serological markers

A

antibodies to HDV antigens:
IgM HDV Ab - acute infection
IgG HDV Ab -indicates recovery from HDV
HDV RNA- indicates active infection

25
Q

Hepatitis C Virus General Characteristics

A

small, enveloped, single stranded RNA virus w/ 6 different genotypes

26
Q

HCV Acute & Chronic

A 
Acute: 
70% are asymptomatic
Chronic: 
75%-85% develop chronic infection
60%-70% will progress to chronic liver disease if untreated
27
Q

HCV transmission

A

transmitted mainly by exposure to contaminated blood
IV drug use
prior to 1992- blood transfusions were a large risk

28
Q

HCV serological Markers

A

Anti-HCV antibody- indicates current or past HCV infection
CONFIRMATION TEST:
RIBA test (recombinant immunoblot assay)

29
Q

HCV vaccine?

A

no vaccine exists

ribaverin results in a ‘cure’ in 80% of patients

30
Q

HCV genotyping assays

A

each different genotype presents a different clinical profile, different severity of liver disease & response to alpha interferon therapy

31
Q

Hepatitis E General Characteristics

A

Fecal-oral transmission

self limiting / acute

Immunology & Serology (9 decks)

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