Immune Response to Infectious Disease & Vaccines

Question 1

Vaccination

Answer 1

deliberately introducing a ‘dead or weakened microbe’ or part of a microbe into a person

Question 2

Purpose of a Vaccine

Answer 2

to stimulate active immunity & create immune memory ( T & B) recognizing a specific antigen resulting in an already primed immune system to fight disease

Question 3

Characteristics of a Vaccine

Answer 3

no vaccine is 100% safe or effective

1. produce protective immunity w/ minimal side effects
2. be immunogenic enough to produce a strong response
3. be stable during shelf life

Question 4

Types of Vaccines

Answer 4

Live attenuated
inactivated
inactivated toxins
conjugated vaccines
genetically engineered

Question 5

Live Attenuated Vaccines

Answer 5

ex: measles, mumps, rubella, polio, varicella
produced by the selection of mutants induced at random through serial passage of cells
cells become less virulent

Question 6

Inactivated Vaccines

Answer 6

inactivated virus either by heat or by chemicals (formaldehyde)
ex: cholera, polio, hep A, rabies

Question 7

Toxoid Vaccines

Answer 7

purified dose of the inactivated toxin
we produce antibodies that bind & neutralize the toxin
ex: tetanus & diptheria

Question 8

Conjugation

Answer 8

the process of attaching the polysaccharide antigen to a protein carrier that an infant’s immune system already recognizes in order to provoke an immune response

Question 9

Genetically Engineered Vaccines

Answer 9

purify the surface antigen

hep B, influenza, HPV

Question 10

Immune Adjuvants

Answer 10

a substance that enhances the immune response to the vaccine’s antigen
Aluminum hyroxide is the only FDA approved one

Question 11

inactivated viruses vaccines Pros & Cons

Answer 11

Pros - cannot cause infection, can be given to immunosuppressed & pregnant patients
cons - less immunogenic & requires the addition of adjuvants

Question 12

Vaccines producing humoral immunity

Answer 12

1. b cells recognize vaccine antigen
2. b cells differentiate
3. b cells -> plasma cells & produce antibodies
4. memory cells
5. if antigen is encountered again, large immune response occurs
   * vaccination results in primarily IgG response

Question 13

Vaccines producing Cell-Mediated Immunity

Answer 13

1. viral antigen stimulate CD8 t cell
2. CD8 t cells activate macrophages
3. certain pathogen specific CD8+ t cells persist as memory cells & are able to respond quickly & effectively