VIQ - Paediatrics - Practice papers Flashcards
@#e2 1. Ewing’s sarcoma: (T/F)
a) Most commonly affects children and adolescents
b) Readily metastasises to bone
c) Is usually medullary in origin
d) Is of low signal on T1 weighted MRI
e) Is iso-intense to skeletal muscle on T2 weighted MRI
1.
a) True - 75% are <20 years of age, with most being 5-15
b) True
c) True - mostly diaphyseal in origin (25% metaphyseal)
d) True - allows the extent of marrow involvement to be assessed
e) False - hyperintense to skeletal muscle on T2 sequences
@# 4. Clinical and radiological features of neurofibromatosis Type 1 include: (T/F)
a) Unilateral limb overgrowth
b) Inferior rib notching
c) Pseudoarthroses of long bones
d) Coarctation of the aorta
e) Multiple meningiomas
4.
a) True
b) True
c) True
d) True
e) False - a feature of neurofibromatosis Type 2
@# 5. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: (T/F)
a) Hypertrophied pyloric muscle is hypoechoic on ultrasound
b) Pyloric muscle thickness >4 mm is abnormal
c) Pyloric transverse diameter of 12 mm is normal
d) Male infants are more frequently affected
e) The stomach is usually atonic
5.
a) True
b) True
c) True
d) True
e) False - exaggerated peristaltic waves
@# 6. Regarding childhood liver tumours: (T/F)
a) Hepatocellular carcinoma typically occurs over 5 years of age
b) Hepatoblastoma is more common <2 years of age
c) Hepatoblastoma is associated with hemihypertrophy
d) Hepatocellular carcinoma is a complication of biliary atresia
e) Hepatocellular carcinoma typically causes a cold spot on HIDA scanning
6.
a) True - peak age 12-14 years of age
b) True
c) True
d) True
e) False - hot spots, although atypical / cold spots may be seen
@# 7. Concerning imaging of the testis: (T/F)
a) An appendix testis is present in over 90% of males
b) Examination of the contralateral testis is mandatory in possible torsion
c) A hydrocele may cause false positive diagnosis of torsion on scintigraphic evaluation
d) A torted testis is usually of high echogenicity on ultrasound
e) Torsion is most common in the neonatal age group
7.
a) True
b) True
c) True
d) False - hypoechoic due to congestion, infarction and oedema
e) False - rare in neonates
@#e2 8. Regarding imaging of the adrenal glands: (T/F)
a) At birth, the adrenal glands are around one third the size of the adjacent kidney
b) The limb of a mature adrenal gland should not measure more than 5 mm
c) In renal agenesis, the adrenal gland assumes a discoid shape
d) Childhood adrenocortical neoplasms are hyperintense on T2 weighted MRI
e) Ectopic adrenal tissue is typically sited around the superior mesenteric artery
8.
a) True
b) True
c) True
d) True
e) False - around the adrenal bed, or the coeliac axis
@# 9. Concerning imaging of the complications of renal transplantation: (T/F)
a) Acute rejection occurs in up to 40% of cases
b) Ultrasound reliably differentiates acute rejection from tubular necrosis
c) On colour Doppler imaging, a resistive index of >0.9 is abnormal
d) Arterial thrombosis is more common than venous
e) Obstruction in the early postoperative period is usually due to the ureteric anastomosis
9.
a) True
b) False
c) True - this may occur in both acute tubular necrosis or acute rejection
d) False - arterial thrombosis is rare
e) False - obstruction within 72 hours is usually due to blood clots
@# 10. Regarding solid abdominal malignancy in childhood: (T/F)
a) Wilms’ tumours are bilateral in up to 25%
b) Neuroblastomas are associated with hemihypertrophy
c) Neuroblastomas calcify in over 80% on CT
d) Wilms’ tumours tend to encase the central vascular structures
e) Wilms’ tumours are more common in horseshoe kidneys
10.
a) False - bilateral in up to 10%
b) False - Wilms’ tumours are associated with hemihypertrophy
c) True
d) False - displace
e) True - also with aniridia, hemihypertrophy and cryptorchidism
@# 12. Regarding developmental dysplasia of the hip: (T/F)
a) The condition is more common in breech presentation
b) It is usually bilateral
c) Ultrasound is performed in the coronal plane
d) The acetabular labrum is hypoechoic on ultrasound
e) Hilgenreiners line should pass through both triradiate cartilages on plain films
12.
a) True
b) False - unilateral is 11 times more common
c) True
d) False - acetabular labrum is echogenic. Femoral head is hypoechoic
e) True
@# 13. Radiological features of rickets include: (T/F)
a) Radiological signs indicate the underlying aetiology
b) Widening of the growth plate as a late sign
c) Bulbous anterior rib ends
d) A sclerotic rim surrounding the epiphysis
e) Dense metaphyseal bands
13.
a) False - radiological features are similar regardless of underlying cause
b) False - an early sign
c) True - the ‘rachitic rosary’ sign
d) False - this is seen in scurvy
e) True
@# 14. In craniosynostosis: (T/F)
a) The skull vault is formed by membranous ossification
b) Single sutural synostosis is more common than multiple
c) Overall, 15% of cases are syndromic in nature
d) Sagittal synostosis results in a trigonocephalic skull
e) Bilateral coronal synostosis results in a brachycephalic skull
14.
a) True - enchondral ossification occurs in the skull base
b) True - 60% of cases
c) True
d) False - scaphocephalic skull
e) True
@# 15. Radiological features of absent corpus callosum include: (T/F)
a) Crescentic lateral ventricles
b) A high riding third ventricle
c) Enlargement of the occipital horns
d) Hypoplasia of the optic nerves
e) Separation of pericallosal arteries on angiography
15.
a) True
b) True
c) True
d) True
e) True
@# 16. Concerning abnormalities of intestinal rotation: (T/F)
a) The midgut extends from the duodenojejunal flexure to the ascending colon
b) During development, the midgut rotates 270 degrees clockwise around the superior
mesenteric artery axis
c) Ladd’s bands are a cause of low intestinal obstruction
d) The duodenojejunal flexure should lie at the level of the pylorus on barium studies
e) The superior mesenteric vein normally lies to the left of the artery
16.
a) False - duodenojejunal flexure to mid-transverse colon
b) False - anti-clockwise
c) False - high intestinal obstruction
d) True
e) False - superior mesenteric vein should lie to the right of the superior mesenteric artery
@# 17. The normal thymus: (T/F)
a) Develops from the third branchial pouch
b) May enlarge following illness
c) CT density (Hounsfield units) increases with increasing age
d) On T1 weighted MRI the gland is iso-intense to mediastinal fat
e) Reaches a maximum size in the 2nd decade
17.
a) True
b) True
c) False - decreases with age (fatty replacement)
d) False - hypointense to surrounding fat on T1 sequences
e) True
@# 18. Regarding MRI signal characteristics: (T/F)
a) T1 signal is produced by longitudinal relaxation
b) Cerebral grey matter has intermediate T1 signal intensity
c) Cerebrospinal fluid has a long T2 relaxation time
d) Spin echo sequences begin with a 180 degree radiofrequency pulse
e) Inversion recovery sequences begin with an initial 90 degree radiofrequency pulse
18.
a) False - T1 signal is produced by transverse relaxation
b) True
c) True
d) False - 90 degree pulse, with multiple subsequent 180 degree pulses
e) False - an initial 180 degree pulse