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wset 3 > vineyard management > Flashcards

vineyard management Flashcards

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1
Q

Site selection: the potential site needs to be assessed (beoordeeld) for its environmental and practical suitability (geschiktheid). there are 3 main factors

A

1) environmental conditions: grower us data (temp, rainfall, sunlight, fertility (vruchtbaarheid) — these factors will influence the choice of grape, plant density and vinetraining
2) bussiness considerations: proxibility of vineyard to utility (voorzieningen) infrastructure ( water, power,..) accesibility of the site for machinery — these are important for the financial viability (levensvatbaar)
3) grape variety: the grape variety must suit the climatic conditions of the preferred site ( and is there a demand for the grapes)

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2
Q

To start a new vineyard, you can leave the old vegetations there.

A

false- a new vineyard site must be cleared of any excisting vegetation. the fertility of the soil needs to be tested and maybe fertilized

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3
Q

What does protect the young planted vine from animals ?

A

individual plastic sleeves

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4
Q

the first yield usually comes in the third year of after planting

A

true

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5
Q

the quality decrease and the quantity increase of old vines fruit

A

false- the quality increase and often with a greater concentration of flavours.

  • the quantity decrease
  • vine gets susceptable (vatbaar) to deseases
  • — you need balans between quality and profitability
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6
Q

how long dot they leave the area unplanted before replanting a vineyard ?

A

3 years. The soil can recover. and the grower will have a replanting cycle that ensures that the vineyard is optimaly planted.

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7
Q

Which techniques are there to manage the vine ?

A
  • training
  • Pruning
  • trellising
  • density of the planting
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8
Q

vine training typically refers to the shape of permanent wood of the vine and can be split into two categories:

A
  • head training
  • cordon training
    both can be low trained (to benefit form het retained (behouden) from the soil, or high trained ( to avoid frost)
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9
Q

what is head training?

A

these vines have relatively little permanent wood. some only have a trunk. some have a few short arms of permanent wood growing from the top of the trunk

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10
Q

what is cordon training

A

these vines tpically have a trunk with one ore more permanent horizental arms (cordons). the vines are usually spur pruned (one or 2 buds)

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11
Q

what is the disadvantage and advantage of cordon training?

A

a) it takes longer to for a cordon because of the greater amount of permanent wood.
b) the sturdy permanent cordon with shoots positioned along its length makes mechanisation in the vineyard easier to achieve

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12
Q

what is pruning ?

A

pruning is the removal of the unwanted leaves, canes and permanent wood.
winter pruning and summer pruning

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13
Q

why winterpruning?

A

the main purpose is to determine the number and the location of the wanted buds, who will form shoots in the coming growing season

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14
Q

what is spurtraining?

A

short sections of one year old wood that have been cut down to only two or three buds.

  • cordon spur
  • headtraining (gobelet, trunk)
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15
Q

what is cane pruning?

A
  • canes are longer sections of one year old wood that can have anything between 8-20 buds.
  • typically one or 2 canes are retained (behouden)
  • each cane is tied horizontally to the trellis for support
  • most often seen on head trained vines.
  • —— single guyot: one cane retained
  • —— double guyot: two canes retained
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16
Q

what does summerpruning involves, and what is the advantage of it?

A

its trimming the canopy to restrict (beperken) vegative grow and direct sugar production to the grape

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17
Q

what are trellises?

A

trellises are permanent structures of wires and stakes to support any replacement canes and the vines anual growth (green parts,..)

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18
Q

what are bush vines ?

A
  • untrellised vines where the shoots may in some regions hang down almost on the ground.
  • these vines are mostly headtrained and spurpruned.
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19
Q

what is the advantage of bushvines in hot regions?

A

the extra shade will protect the grapes from sunlight and warmth

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20
Q

what is the disadvantage of bushvines in cool and wet regions ?

A
  • the shade can impede (belemmeren) grape ripening

- the lack of airflow can promote diseases

21
Q

define the gobelet system in the beaujolais.

A

the tips of the shoots are tied together, wich help s expose the bunches to air and sunlight

22
Q

Untrellised vines are suitable for machinical harvesting.

A

false

23
Q

what is canopy management ?

A

each row of vines requires a line of posts joined by horizontal wires. the vine’s cane and shoots are then tied to the trellis. together this is known as canopy management

24
Q

Give three important reasons for doing canopy management

A

1) the arrangement of young shoots can be used to control the amount of sunlight that gets into the canopy.
e. g. regions with limited sunlight: keeping the shoots apart to create an open canopy. warm regions— keeping the grapes shaded.
2) open canopy— can improve air circulation ( important for wet regions: damp, stagnand air (stilstaande lucht) can promote fungal diseases)
3) can aid mechanisation in vineyard.

25
Q

Explain VSP

A

Vertical Shoot Positioning:
can be used with replacement cane or spur- pruned vines.
the vines shoots are trained vertically and are tied in place onto the trellis forming a single narrow canopy (dun bladerdek)

26
Q

Why VSP in sunny regions

A

The top of the shoot can flop over the trellis to give more shade.

27
Q

Why VSP ?

A

mechanical Harvesting possible

28
Q

What is planting density ?

A

The number of vines that are planted in a given area

29
Q

What is an Hectare

A

an area enclosed by a square with 100 m sides (10.000vierkante meter)
some countrys use acre : 0.4 ha
1 ha: 100 are

30
Q

What about the density in regions with very limited water availability ?

A

low planting density, it allows each vine’s roots to take up water from a large volume of soil without having to compete to against the roots of neighbouring vines

31
Q

what about density in regions with low nutrients and sufficient rainfall?

A

high density, this provides enough competion for resources among the roots to restrict the vines vegative growth.
correct number of buds also important. few buds: the buds have to much energy
to many buds: not every bud will have acces to enough energy.

32
Q

what about density in regions with high nutrients and sufficient rainfall ?

A

high density is not enough to limit, very fertile soils are not suitable for viticulture.
new world new solution for high level of nutrients: low density with multiple cordons or canes
this solution often produce good quality grapes at hgh yields

33
Q

what is yields?

A

yield is a measure of the amount of grapes produced.

may be measured in weight: tonnes of grapes per ha or volume such as hectoliters of wine per ha

34
Q

What is green harvesting and what are the effects?

A

removing immature grapes after the veraison.
this at the wrong time the vine will compensate the loss by increasing the size of the grapes that have been retained(behouden).
the yields can be to big and the quality of the grapes decrease

35
Q

what are nematodes and how to prevent?

A

microscopic worms that attack the roots and affects (aantasten) the uptake of water and nutrients.
PREVENTION is better than cure:
- sanitising the soil (ontsmetten) before replanting.
- using resistant rootstocks

36
Q

what kind of damage can birds and mammals (zoogdieren) do ? and how to prevent?

A

They can both consume large volumes of grapes.
Besides: half eaten grapes can lead to fungal disease.
——Netting is often the best option for birds
——protective fencing for mammals (rabbits, zoogdieren)

37
Q

what effect does insects have in the vineyard and how to prevent?

A 
They feed on both: 
- grapes 
- leaves 
prevent by: 
- spraying insecticides 
- environmentally friendly technique: integrated pest management
38
Q

what are Pests?

A
  • Phylloxera
  • nematodes (microscopic worms)
  • birds and mammals
  • insects
39
Q

give me the vineyard cycle:

A

1) budburst: March- April northern hemisphere (halfrond)
september- october in the southern hemisphere
budbursttemp. 10°c, the temp at wich budburst occurs (voortdoet) depends grape variety. buds swell and burst, growing into new shoots.
2) early shoot and leaf growth: March- May in northern hemisphere sep-nov southern hemi.
shoots grow rapidly until the vine flowers. (carbohydrates stored in the roots) and when the leaves are matured they grow by photosynthesis
3) Flowering and fruit set: May- June northern hemi, nov- dec south hemi. when the inflorescences start flowering, the vine needs a lot of sunlight and little or no rain otherwise pollination can be disrupted ( reducing fruit set)
4) veraison and berry ripening: july- sept north, jan- march south: grapes begin to ripen: from green hard berries to white or black berries, water and sugar level increase and acid level drop.
5) Harvest: sep- oct north , march april south: harvest period should be dry, the grapes can swell, dilluting(verdunnen) the juice and damp conditions can increase the chance of rot.
6) winter dormacy: dec- march north, july- sept south: shoots becomes woody, vine reserve its carbohydrates in the roots

40
Q

what is coullure?

A

not every flower becomes a grape and after fruit set, unpollinated flowers drop off. if more flowers than normal fail to fertilise this condition is called coullure.

41
Q

what are fungal diseases ? and explain.

A
  • downy and powdery mildew: these fungi thrive in warm humid( vochtige) environments and affect all the green parts of the vine incl leaves and grapes: grapes lose their fruity flavours and can give the wine a mouldy bitter taint.
  • grey rot: caused by fungus Botrytis cinerea: thrives in damp conditions and typically attack grapes. it can taint grape flavours and lead to colour loss in black grapes.
42
Q

How to prevent Fungal diseases?

A
  • Chemical sprays: Powdery mildew: Sulfur Based spray, downy mildew: bordeaux copper based spray
    spraying usually done by tractor
  • canopy management:
    a) dense shady canopy: restrict airflow and prevents water from evaporating — creates humid environment
    b) open vine: flow of air, good evaporating and dry environment
43
Q

what effect does virusses have on the vine?

A

Most do not kill the vine, but by limiting the vines ability to function they can dramatically reduce yield and quality.

  • virusses are highly contagious( besmettelijk) and persistent ( aanhoudend) and are usually spread by cuttings and nematodes
  • can only eradicated by digging up the vines and sanitising (ontsmetten) the land.
44
Q

what effect does bacterial deseases have on the vine?

A

many just reduce grape quality and quantity, but some can kill the vine

  • these are spread by small insects called sharpshooters
  • only quarantine procedures and interrupting the lifecycle of the sharpshooter.
  • treatment same as virusses ( digging up and sanitising the land)
45
Q

there are three main options for the grape grower to reduce the quantity of chemicals:

A

1) sustainable argiculture (duurzame landbouw):
man- made chemicals are not prohibited (verboden), but their use is restricted.
learn more about the pests and weather and learn to predict and prevent these.
2) Organic agriculture: only a very limited number of the more traditional treatments against pests and deseases is allowed and only in very small quantities.
3) Biodynamic argiculture: this is the work of Maria Thun and Rudolf Steiner the vineyard soil is seen as part of a connected system with the planet earth, the air and other planets. grape growing practices to coincide (samenhangen) with the cycle of the planets, moon and stars. homeopathic remedies called preparations are used to fertilise the soil, treat diseases and ward off pests.

46
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage of machine harvesting?

A

advantage: -fast (essential if the vintage is threatened by bad weather,…),
- can work true the night
disadvantage: - not selective (unhealthy, unripe grapes,…)
- also takes MOG (Matter other than grapes) bits of leaf, insects,…
- only on flat or gently slopes.

47
Q

what is the advantage and disadvantage of hand harvesting ?

A

advantage: - the grapeselection can take place in the vineyard (rotten or unripe grapes left on the vine)
- good for noble rot (selection)
- less damage to the grapes because they are transported in shallow (ondiep), stackable (stabelbaar) trays (manden)
- the grape stems are retained (ontrist)
- only option for very steep hills like Douro portugal, Mosel, northern rhone,…
disadvantage:
- slower proces
- more labour (arbeidsintensief) —- expensive

48
Q

What natural compounds does the vine needs ?

A

1) Heat
2) Sunlight
3) Water
4) Oxygen
5) Carbon Dioxide
6) Nutrients (humus,…)

49
Q

what are the factors that affects the climat of the vineyard?

A

1) Altitude
2) Latitude
3) Aspect
4) frost
5) cooling effect from ocean or other volumes of water.

wset 3 (35 decks)

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