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1. WSET L3 The Big One GJR > Vineyard management > Flashcards

Vineyard management Flashcards

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1
Q

Which vineyard has the aspect to give it the highest amount of sun.

North facing slope in the northern hemisphere
South facing slope in the southern hemisphere
North facing slope in the Southern hemisphere
A flat vineyard at 50° Latitude.

A

North facing slope in the Southern hemisphere

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2
Q

List 3 geographical factors that can affect the amount of sunlight exposure in a wine region/vineyard.

A

Latitude - Day length greater further from Equator

Seas, Lakes and Rivers - Near large bodies of water more cloud cover. Centre of landmasses tend to be sunnier.

Aspect - steeper slopes can allow more exposure.

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3
Q

How does Phylloxera kill vulnerable vines?

A

It feeds on the roots of the vine allowing infections resulting in the vine dying.

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4
Q

The Picture Below is an example of what type of training?

A

Head Training.

A form of Vertical Shoot Positioning as suggested by the wire trellis.

See also Guyout, and Cane Pruning.

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5
Q

At what age are most vines replaced?

Identify a benefit and a disadvantage to using old vines.

A

Most replaced between 30~50 Years

Old vines produce higher quality fruit (more concentrated flavour) partly due to lower yield per vine.

Lower yield might not be cost efficient and older vines are more susceptible to disease.

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6
Q

What climate type is this?

High Continentality, low rainfall and a very sunny growing season.

A

Continental

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7
Q

Name 3 diseases that threaten vines and how they are controlled

A

Powdery and Downy mildew - Likes warm, humid. If affected grapes lose fruity flavour.

Powdery treated with sulfur based spray. Downy treated with Bordeaux mixture copper based spray. Can also be managed by canopy management to max air flow * More spraying in Maritime climates where there is more rainfall.

Grey rot - Likes damp. Taints flavours and colour loss in red grapes. Best managed by canopy management and not picking too late.

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8
Q

Describe the 2 most common vine training techniques:

(H… Trained; C…… Trained).

Which is suited to mechanisation?

A

Head training. Canes are selected from the head of the trunk and then either left to form a free standing bush, or attached to the wires (trellis) to form a Vertical Shoot Positioned vine. See also Replacement Cane Pruning.

Cordon training. The cordon is the permanent horizontal arms (cordons) from which spurs are selected for the buds - then canes to grow from.

The Cordon training allows for mechanisation (pruning and harvesting) as the vine is trellised in a more uniform structure.

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9
Q

What climate type is this?

Low to medium Contintality, low to medium rainfall and which takes place mainly in the winter, with a sunny growing season.

A

Mediterranean

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10
Q

Which of the following inputs to a vine will vary least from season to season?

CO2

Heat

Sunlight

Nutrients

A

CO2

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11
Q

Which is not a method of controlling yield in a typical growing season?

Green harvest
Winter pruning
Irrigation
Mechanical Harvesting

A

Mechanical Harvesting

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12
Q

List 3 countries where Phylloxera has not had an impact. … and why?

A

Chile, some parts of Argentina and South Australia. It hasn’t reached due either to strict quarantine procedures, inhospitable climates, or natural borders preventing the spread.

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13
Q

Why is vine bud management important?

A

The vine stores carbohydrates over Winter. If there are fewer buds each fruit producing cane may have access to too much energy and the canopy (shade) may grow too vigorously.

If too many buds, each will not have access to enough energy and the vine will struggle to ripen its crop load.

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways to grow grapes to reduce intense chemical usage?

A

Sustainable agriculture - Chemicals permitted but minimised by growers understanding life cycles of pests and introducing predators of the pests. Monitor weather to prevent pest or disease before it occurs.

Organic agriculture - Small doses of traditional treatments permitted only.

Biodynamic agriculture - Organic practices + philosophy and cosmology. Cycles of planets, moon and stars plus homeopathic treatments.

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15
Q

Put the growth cycle in order

Veraison, Budburst, Flowering, Fruit set, Ripening

Budburst, Flowering, Fruit set, Veraison, Ripening

Budburst, Flowering, Veraison, Fruit set, Ripening

Budburst, Veraison, Flowering, Fruit set, Ripening

A

Budburst, Flowering, Fruit set, Veraison, Ripening

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16
Q

How can VSP (Vertical Shoot Positioning) be used in hot, sunny climates and why would a grower choose to use this system?

A

The method is adapted so the tops of the shoots are not tied but allowed to flop over creating some shade in the canopy to protect fruit.

A grower may also choose this system to enable mechanical harvesting.

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17
Q

Frost flows in a similar way to

Ice
Water
Steam

A

Water

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18
Q

Describe the annual cycle of a vine in these seasons.

Spring

Late Spring / Early Summer

As Summer progresses

Late Summer / Early Autumn

Later in Autumn

A

Spring - Budburst, new shoots begin to grow

Late Spring - The vine flowers and small grapes form

Summer - Grapes grow but still hard in texture, high acid/low sugar

Late Summer/Early Autumn - Grapes ripen, sugar rises, acidity drops and flavours develop. Marked by grape colour change; véraison

Later in Autumn - Grapes harvested

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19
Q

In hills and mountains, as the altitude increases what happens to temperature?

A

It decreases

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20
Q

What are the vineyards 4 natural resources?

A

Temperature, sunlight, water, soil nutrients

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21
Q

Pinot Noir, as a grape variety, is known to randomly change. For example, in the past it has produced a grey version and was renamed Pinot Gris and a white grape version to become Pinot Blanc. All 3 grapes are related to each other and can be considered what?

A

Mutations (initially clones before the differences became too significant).

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22
Q

What is a Cordon?

A

The arms of a vine made up of 2+ year old wood. Restricted by pruning

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23
Q

Identify 4 main techniques for managing how a vine grows.

A

Training - consider harvesting types.

Pruning - winter vs summer pruning?

Trellising - how can climate influence this decision?

Planting density - consider role of competition.

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24
Q

What are day / night temperature changes known as?

A

The difference between day time and night time temperatures.

Eg, a wide diurnal range has a wide/large difference between day time and night time temperatures.

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25
Q

What 3 things should a grower consider when selecting a site for a new vineyard?

A

Environmental - Temp, rainfall, sunlight, soil fertility and drainage.Factors effect grape selection, planting density and trellising etc.

Business - Proximity to power and water, avail of labour, accessibility for machinery and cost of land.

Grape variety - Must suit climate and meet demand. In EU might be legal restrictions on types used.

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26
Q

What are the 3 main techniques for irrigation?

A

Drip - Computer controlled dripper for each vine - Expensive

Sprinklers - Also used for frost protection. Waste water and can create damp conditions promoting disease - Cheaper than Drip

Flood Irrigation - Cheapest where water is freely available. Only used on flat or gently sloping vineyards

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27
Q

What 5 ‘inputs’ does a vine need to survive?

A

Heat, Sunlight, Water, Nutrients, Carbon Dioxide

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28
Q

Name 4 vineyards pests and a method for how they can each be controlled.

A

Phylloxera- Use resistant rootstock

Nematodes (worms) - Use resistant rootstock and sanitise soil before re-planting.

Birds and mammals - Birds - Netting / Mammals - Fencing

Insects - Insecticides or Integrated pest management

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29
Q

What is Inflorescence?

A

An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem.

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30
Q

Planting vine seeds will result in new vine varieties, therefore what 2 methods are used for generating more vines of the same variety?

A

a. A cutting (a section of vine shoot is planted and grows)
b. Layering (a section of vine is buried and, in time, takes root)

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31
Q

Which statement about soils is FALSE

  • Light coloured soils reflect the suns energy and don’t radiate heat into the vineyard.
  • Wet soils take longer to warm up and tend to cool the vine
  • Rocky soils tend to absorb and radiate heat warming the vineyard.
  • Rocky soils on slops near rivers tend to pull the water up a hill making vineyards wet and susceptible to frost
A

Rocky soils on slops near rivers tend to pull the water up a hill making vineyards wet and susceptible to frost

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32
Q

A Spur is what?

A

1 year old wood pruned often with 2~3 buds and is quite short.

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33
Q

How is American rootstock resistant to Phylloxera?

A

They clog the insects mouth with sticky sap and form a protective layer behind the feeding wound to prevent secondary infections

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34
Q

Identify 3 main considerations when deciding on planting density.

A
  • Limited water - Low density allows vines to take limited water without competing against the roots of neighbouring vines.
  • Low levels of nutrients and sufficient rainfall - Risk is vigorous vegetative growth rather than fruit. High density planting provides competition for resources to limit vegetative growth. Bud management is also important. High density and strict bud control common in Europe.
  • High nutrients and sufficient rainfall - High density planting not enough so, instead, low density with vines with multiple cordons or canes.
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35
Q

What is ‘Coulure’?

A

When more flowers than normal fail to fertilise

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36
Q

When plants are photosynthesising what is the outcome?

A

Sugars are generated.

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37
Q

Name and briefly explain the two common methods of grafting.

Which is the most efficient for changing varieties.

A

Bench Grafting - Automated process, both parts joined by machine and stored in warm environment to encourage both parts to fuse together. This is where vines are grafted to American Phyloxerra resitstant rootsocks

Head Grafting - Vine is cut back to its trunk and a bud or cutting of the new variety is grafted on to the trunk. Efficient method for changing varieties.

38
Q

What are the four parts of a vine?

A

Green parts of the vine

One year wood

Permanent wood

The roots

39
Q

What are the four main forms of frost protection?

A

Heaters (moves the air)

Wind Machines

Sprinklers

Vineyard design - slopes are less at risk (moving air)

40
Q

Describe a Continental climate. What 2 climatic - weather challenges do they face?

A

Large difference between summer and winter temperatures.

Often characterised by hail and frost.

41
Q

American vines are rarely used to make wines, what is their main use?

A

Providing Phylloxera resistant rootstock for Eurasian species to be grafted onto.

42
Q

What are Tendrils?

A

The structure the vine uses to support itself by winding themselves tightly around trellis wires to keep the shoot upright. (The presence of tendrils is what defines a vine).

43
Q

Which statement is NOT true about Permanent Wood?

It is at least 2 years old

It has bark

Cordon is an example of permanent wood

Buds typically burst from permanent wood

A

Buds typically burst from permanent wood. They burst from the spurs.

44
Q

The following are all examples of what type of climate?
Cool -> Champagne, Mosel
Moderate -> Burgundy, Central Otago, Barolo
Warm -> Ribera Del Duero, Mendoza
Hot -> La Mancha, Port

A

Continental Climate

45
Q

How long after planting a new vine is the first commercial yield?

A

Third year after planting

46
Q

The following are all examples of what type of climate?
Cool -> Muscadet
Moderate -> Bordeaux, Rias Baixas
Warm -> Auckland

A

Maritime Climate

47
Q

Which statement about rootstock is false?

  • Rootstocks are used because they are disease resistant
  • Rootstocks allow the grower to match different Root stocks to different soils
  • Changing rootstocks while the plant is growing is called ‘head grafting’
  • Rootstocks can be used to manage yield
A

Changing rootstocks while the plant is growing is called ‘head grafting’.

48
Q

What is an untrellised vineyard?

What are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Vines not trellised, shoots hang down as far as ground.

Bush vines typically head trained and spur pruned. Best suited to warm/hot, dry, sunny regions (S. Rhone, Barossa Valley), extra shade helps protect grapes. Not suited to cool climates as shade can impede grape ripening and airflow (disease). Not suitable for mechanical harvesting.

Can also help optimise access to moisture as dew collects under the shaded bush.

49
Q

Which one of these is the odd one out? and why?

  • Grey Rot
  • Nematodes
  • Powdery Mildew
  • Downy Mildew
A

Nematodes. The rest are diseases.

50
Q

What are the objectives of Summer pruning?

A

Trimming the canopy to restrict vegetative growth and direct sugar production to the grape rather than shoots and leaves. Can also involve leaf stripping for optimising exposure of bunches to the sun.

51
Q

Describe a Maritime climate

A

Low to medium Continentality, medium to high incidence of rainfall throughout the year, and sometimes with a cloudy growing season.

52
Q

What is ‘Millerandage’?

A

The formation of unevenly ripe and overly small grapes.

53
Q

A Cane is what?

A

1 year old wood pruned leaving with 8~20 buds .

54
Q

A mutated grape variety is known as a …

A

Clone

55
Q

What type of training is this?

A

Cordon & Spur

56
Q

What is Phylloxera?

A

An insect native to North America

57
Q

This picture is an example of what?

A

Replacement Cane with VSP

58
Q

Which of these statements about too much rain near harvest is false?

The grapes become bigger

Flavours and sugars will be diluted

The size of the crop increases

Increases the colour in red wines

A

Increases the colour in red wines

59
Q

How does using Vertical Shoot Positioning enable a vine grower to affect levels of ripeness?

A

In cool climates grapes can struggle to ripen fully. A grower can help the grapes to ripen by increasing exposure to sunlight and heat. The shoots are trained up the wires, meaning the grapes are not shaded by any shoots that might otherwise hang down. Their exposure to sunlight and heat is therefore maximised.

60
Q

When does vine pruning take place?

A

Every Winter and Summer

61
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantaes of machine, and hand harvesting?

A

Machine (shakes the trunk)
- Not selective, often collecting unhealthy, unripe and damaged grapes. Can only be used on flat or slight incline vineyards

+ Speed, can work through the (cool) night meaning no need to cool grapes before fermentation. Also keeps them fresh and avoids oxidation or sunburn.

Hand
- Slower and more Labour Intensive = more expensive

+ Can be used on steep vineyards e.g. Douro, Mosel, N. Rhone. Allows grape selection ‘on the go’, less damage to grapes, stems retained = clean, fresh juice for white and essential for red ‘whole bunch’ winemaking.

Also essential for wines made from 100% noble rot.

62
Q

Which of these statements about vineyards near oceans is NOT true?

Vineyards often experience wetter conditions

Diurnal temperature range tends to be lower

Vineyards beside oceans are cooled by ocean currents

There is often a lower risk of frost

A

Vineyards beside oceans are cooled by ocean currents (the winds from the currents bring cool air).

This question is more useful for highlighting growing conditions of vineyards near bodies of water.

63
Q

What is the objective behind Winter pruning?

A

To determine the number and location of buds that will form the shoots in the coming growing season by cutting away unwanted leaves, canes and permanent wood.

This can produce a balanced vine, whereby the yield potential reflects the capacity of a vine within a given climate type.

64
Q

What is another name for Botrytis?

What is this called when it both affects the colour of red wine and flavour potential?

A

Noble Rot.

vs

Grey rot. ?

65
Q

Which one of these is associated with manual harvesting?

  • Can be done at night when temperatures are lower, slowing down oxidation.
  • The grapes are shaken violently off the vine
  • Low capital costs but higher ongoing costs
  • Suitable for all trellising systems
A

Suitable for all trellising systems

(night time needs speed so machine harvested; machine harvesting shakes berries off the vine; machine harvesting cheaper as more efficient)

66
Q

Which of these techniques in NOT used in canopy management

VSP
Trellising
Inter row spacing
Passerillage

A

Passerillage

67
Q

2 reasons why netting is needed in a vineyard?

A

To protect the Vine from birds and / or hail

68
Q

What is the Latin name for the most commonly grown vine species?

A

Vitis Vinifera

69
Q

Explain ‘Diurnal Range’, and when it is most important for quality wine production.

A

The difference between daytime and nighttime temps.

Cool nights slow loss of aroma and help retain acidity - especially important in warm climates.

70
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for trellising a vineyard?

A

i. Arrangement of young shoots controls (maximise/limit) amount of sunlight getting into canopy. to aid ripenning.
ii. An open canopy can improve air circulation (esp. beneficial in wet climates) to avoid mildews.
iii. Aids mechanical harvesting and makes spraying with insecticides and fungicides more effective.

71
Q

How can the effects of hail be avoided?

A

Netting but costly.

Own several vineyards in different locations to mitigate risk

72
Q

What are the 2 types of Winter pruning?

Briefly summarise each type

A

Spur and Replacement cane.

Spur - Short sections of 1yr wood, cut down to 2~3 buds.

Replacement cane - Longer sections of 1yr wood with 8~20 buds on, typically 1 or 2 canes

73
Q

When is it best to do a green harvest?

A

Shortly after Veraison

74
Q

In relation to vines, Hybrids are?

Sexual reproduction, with parents being from different vine species

Sexual reproduction, with parents being from the same vine species

The process of joining rootstock to another vine

An error in copying process of a new bud

A

Sexual reproduction, with parents being from different vine species

75
Q

Which soil type has the poorest drainage?

A

Clay

76
Q

What can a grower do if yields are potentially going to be too high?

A

Reduce by removing immature grapes after Véraison. This practice is known as ‘green harvesting’. If done too early vine can compensate by increasing size of retained grapes potentially diluting flavour.

77
Q

What are Shoots?

A

This year vine growth in early stages

78
Q

What treatment is there for Viruses and Bacterial diseases in the vineyard?

A

There are no treatments or cures. Only solution is to dig up vines and sanitise the land

79
Q

Below what temperature is it too cold for vines to continue producing a canopy or fruit?

A

10c

80
Q

What type of climate is this?

Low to medium continentality, medium to high rainfall all year long and often a cloudy growing season

A

Maritime

81
Q

What is the objective of Summer pruning?

A

Trimming the canopy to limit vegatitive growth and direct sugar production to the grapes

82
Q

Fertilisation- Vitis Vinifera fertilised with any other type of V. Vinifera is called what?

A

Crossing

83
Q

How would you describe the ideal soil character for grape growing? (generally)

A

Well drained retaining only enough water, and low but sufficient nutrients.

84
Q

What are the effects of

Too much nutrients?

Too few nutrients?

A

Too much = vigorous green growth

To few = Ill health (Chlorosis)

85
Q

What is a trellis?

A

Stakes and wires used to support the trained vines

86
Q

What is the other (French) name for Replacement Cane pruning

A

Guyot (single or double Guyot)

87
Q

Bud management - what might happen if there are too few buds left after pruning?

A

Each bud has access to too much carbohydrate energy and will grow over vigorously, resulting in excess shade.

88
Q

Bud management - what might happen if there are too many buds left after pruning?

A

Each bud will not have access to enough carbohydrate energy and the vine will struggle to ripen the crop load

89
Q

Vine density: what density would be appropriate when there is very limited water?

A

Low density planting because the vines won’t have to compete for the limited water.

90
Q

What is a benefit to high trained vines?

A

Air flow under the bunches to cool the fruit. Also to help avoid diseases through better air flow.

1. WSET L3 The Big One GJR (32 decks)

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