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Vine Biology > VINE BIO EXAM QUESTIONS > Flashcards

VINE BIO EXAM QUESTIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is endosperm?
a. Inner seed tegument
b. Male gamete
c. Seed reserve tissue
d. Berry tegument

A

c. Seed reserve tissue

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2
Q

Which are the main sink (target) organs for photosynthates in the second part of the season?
a. Leaves
b. Shoot apex, root apex, berry, reserve tissues
c. Berry skin
d. Tendrils

A

b. Shoot apex, root apex, berry, reserve tissues

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3
Q

Bleeding is:
a. Phloem sap
b. Xylem sap produced by roots around budbreak
c. Water emitted against parasites (fungi, insects)
d. Excess water due to abundant rainfall

A

b. Xylem sap produced by roots around budbreak

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4
Q

What is the proportion of reserve tissue and xylem in root and cane (secondary structure)?
a. More reserve tissue in root than in cane
b. More reserve tissue in cane than in root
c. Reserve tissue will be formed later
d. Same proportion

A

a. More reserve tissue in root than in cane

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5
Q

The berry is the result of:
a. Growth and enlargement of pollen grain after fertilization
b. Growth and enlargement of pistil cells after fertilization
c. The action of sunlight
d. Accumulation of sucrose

A

b. Growth and enlargement of pistil cells after fertilization

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6
Q

Medullary rays are:
a. Reserve tissue rich of starch
b. Tissue helping the xylem to sustain the trunk
c. Hard part of phloem
d. Dead cells of cane arising from central pith (also called medulla)

A

a. Reserve tissue rich of starch

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7
Q

At the end of an annual cycle of growth:
a. Terminal buds stay for the next cycle
b. Shoot apical meristems drop down/apical meristems of shoots drop off
c. Growth resumes from basal winter buds
d. Growth resumes from old buds at the base of the plant

A

b. Shoot apical meristems drop down/apical meristems of shoots drop off

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8
Q

Lateral shoots are:
a. Always unfertile
b. Always fertile
c. Increasing in fruitfulness especially after early trimming
d. Only fertile if emerging from the top of the main bearing axis

A

c. Increasing in fruitfulness especially after early trimming

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9
Q

A lateral shoot is:
a. A real winter bud
b. An adventitious meristem
c. A structure included in the winter bud
d. A structure ready for immediate branching

A

d. A structure ready for immediate branching

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10
Q

Regular winter buds are:
a. Only located on laterals shoots
b. Only located on main shoots
c. Formed on all types of shoots
d. Initiated after the onset of fruit ripening

A

c. Formed on all types of shoots - any lateral shoot theres a winter bud

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11
Q

Acrotony is/acts to:
a. Regulating the vigor of the shoots
b. Controlling the fruitfulness potential of winter buds
c. Controlling the development of vascular bundles
d. Regulating the distribution of winter bud development

A

d. Regulating the distribution of winter bud development

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12
Q

Which are the main sugars in the berry?
a. Maltose
b. Starch
c. Sucrose
d. Glucose, fructose

A

d. Glucose, fructose

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13
Q

Bud fertility is:
a. Average weight of clusters on the shoot
b. Weight of clusters in the bud
c. Number of initial clusters in the bud
d. Concentration of nitrogen in the bud

A

c. Number of initial clusters in the bud

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14
Q

What is the function of phloem?
a. Transpiration, but only after harvest
b. Photosynthesis
c. Translocation of raw sap from root to shoot
d. Translocation of elaborated sap from leaves to shoot apex and roots

A

d. Translocation of elaborated sap from leaves to shoot apex and roots

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15
Q

Absorbing roots are:
a. Suberised roots with permeable suber
b. White young roots with hairs, and ephemeral
c. The mechanical sustaining structure of the plant
d. Storage organs

A

b. White young roots with hairs, and ephemeral

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16
Q

The grapevine shoot system architecture is:
a. Sympodial
b. Monopodial
c. Both
d. Only dependent on cultivation practices

A

a. Sympodial

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17
Q

The plan/objective/function of phyllotaxis:
a. Is something that does not apply to shoot system organization
b. Only concerns bud distribution
c. Regulates the disposition of lateral shoots, leaves and buds
d. Regulates basal bud development

A

c. Regulates the disposition of lateral shoots, leaves and buds

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18
Q

Apical dominance:
a. Is basically the same thing as acrotony
b. Only applies to growing shoots
c. Is in relation to {linked to/dependent on/affected by} secondary anatomy org
d. Is very weak in grapevines

A

b. Only applies to growing shoots

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19
Q

Viticultural practices:
a. Tend to reduce acrotony
b. Are run independently of acrotony mechanisms
c. Tend to encourage acrotony
d. Cannot impact on the expression of the acrotony on a vine

A

a. Tend to reduce acrotony

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20
Q

Viticultural practices:
a. Manage only apical dominance, not acrotony
b. Do not consider any of these rules
c. Encourage apical dominance that increases the yield
d. Tend to maintain apical dominance in order to control lateral shoot development

A

d. Tend to maintain apical dominance in order to control lateral shoot development

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21
Q

What is stenospermocarpy?
a. Seedlessness due to embryo abortion
b. Seedlessnes due to absence of fertilization
c. Seedlessness due to poor nutrition of the berry
d. A disease causing too much endosperm in seed

A

a. Seedlessness due to embryo abortion

Parthenocarpy - seedlessness with absence of fertilization (no fertilization)

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22
Q

How to select of cold-resistant genotypes (several answers):
a. Growing up seedlings in cold environments and measuring survival rates
b.Freeze the shoots with the buds at low temperatures and assess the damage of the tissues under a microscope
c. Freeze the shoots with the buds at low temperatures and then place them in conditions for sprouting
d. Select only the most vigorous seedlings as they will certainly be cold hardy

A

a. Growing up seedlings in cold environments and measuring survival rates
b.Freeze the shoots with the buds at low temperatures and assess the damage of the tissues under a microscope
c. Freeze the shoots with the buds at low temperatures and then place them in conditions for sprouting

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23
Q

If you want to do breeding for the productivity in the wine grapevine:
a. It is advisable to select for a greater weight of the bunch
b. It is advisable to select for a greater number of clusters per vine
c. It is advisable to select for a greater number of berries per cluster

A

b. It is advisable to select for a greater number of clusters per vine

24
Q

In the genus Vitis, downy mildew resistance genes have been identified:
a. No
b. Only one
c. Many, but not in all species
d. Many, in all species

A

c. Many, but not in all species

25
Q

Rpv12 is resistant gene that was originally found in:
a. Vitis vinifera
b. Vitis riparia
c. Vitis amurensis
d. Rpv12 is not a resistant gene

A

c. Vitis amurensis

26
Q

What is endodermis? (EP)
a. A primary shoot tegument (organ) protecting the xylem
b. A secondary root reserve tissue
c. A primary root tissue controlling solute income in xylem
d. A secondary root tegument just below epidermis

A

c. A primary root tissue controlling solute income in xylem

27
Q

What is vesicular-arbuscular mychorriza?
a. Parasitic fungi attacking root
b. Symbiotic fungi cooperating with root
c. Parasitic bacteria causing xylem logging
d. Parasitic fungi attacking leaves

A

b. Symbiotic fungi cooperating with root

28
Q

Mitosis is a type of plant cell multiplication that provides genetic variability: Yes/No

A

No

29
Q

As most of the varieties of grapevine are diploid, there is only one copy of a gene per cell: Yes/No

A

no

30
Q

Heterozygosity is very uncommon in plants that are vegetatively-propagated, like the grapevine: Yes/No

A

no

31
Q

Plant Phenotype is independent from genotype and results from environmental factors: Yes/No

A

no, not independant

32
Q

A quantitative trait is the result of a complex genetic structure involving several genetic determinants: Yes/No

A

yes

33
Q

A genetic map localizes molecular markers or genes proportionally to the percent of recombination: Yes/No

A

yes

34
Q

A good genetic marker is located on a different chromosome than the targeted trait: Yes/No

A

no

35
Q

To implement marker-assisted selection (MAS), one needs to know precisely the genes determining any targeted trait: Yes/No

A

no, -markers get you close, difficult to know where a gene is. Markers help figure it out, you dont need to know where there

36
Q

Emasculation is a technique for removing flowers from Vitis vinifera cultivars: Yes/No

A

no

37
Q

Emasculation is a technique for removing anthers from hermaphroditic flowers: Yes/No

A

yes

38
Q

Emasculation is a technique for removing anthers from flowers: Yes/No

A

yes

39
Q

Sources of resistance to cold are present in both American and in Asian species - Which of the following genotypes of species could be used to improve resistance to the cold? Yes or No
V. riparia
V. rupestris
V. arizonica
V. berlandieri
V. amurensis

A

V. riparia - yes
V. rupestris - no
V. arizonica - no
V. berlandieri - no
V. amurensis - yes

40
Q

The color of the berry skin is controlled by: One gene /Two genes/Several genes

A

Two genes (Chromosome 2)

41
Q

A cross between a black cultivar and a white cultivar produced a progeny with 21 and 23 individuals with white, red and black color berries respectively. How can you explain this segregation ratio?

A

Black skin NN or Nn, white skin nn (homozygous recessive). Considering the segregation ratio is 1:1, the black parent is Nn.

The black parent has to be Nn to have a 50% of white (recessive) color, if the black parent was NN, then the percentage of white (recessive) color cultivar would be closer to 0%.

42
Q

On the topic of resistance to diseases, do you think that gene piramidisation is useful for producing resistant cultivars? Explain your reasoning for either yes or no. (one or more answers possible)
a. Yes, it is useful because it is possible to have resistance genes to control more diseases
b. Yes, because with more genes against a single pathogen, there are less chances to overcome the resistance.
c. No, there are no reason to piramidize genes
d. No, resistance genes are not yet known in grapes

A

a. Yes, it is useful because it is possible to have resistance genes to control more diseases
b. Yes, because with more genes against a single pathogen, there are less chances to overcome the resistance.

43
Q

The rootstock 110 R: yes or no
a. is adapted to drought
b. is a cross between V. berlandieri and V. vinifera
c. confers high vigor to the grafted variety

A

a. is adapted to drought - yes
b. is a cross between V. berlandieri and V. vinifera - no
c. confers high vigor to the grafted variety - yes

44
Q

Syrah: yes or no
a. originated in the Iranian historical town of Shiraz
b. is a progeny of Gouais blanc
c. is well adapted to dry climates

A

a. no
b. no
c. yes

45
Q

SSR (= microsatellite) markers analysis is useful: yes or no
a. to validate the parentage of a variety
b. to distinguish all the clones of a variety
c. to identify a variety based on DNA from trunk
d. to identify a variety based on DNA from shoots

A

a. yes
b. no
c. yes
d. yes

46
Q

Vitis berlandieri was crossed to get some rootstocks because: yes or no
a. it is resistant to lime
b. it is tolerant to phylloxera
c. It is resistant to phylloxera
d. its ability for rooting is good

A

a. yes
b. yes
c. yes
d. no

47
Q

Ampelographic descriptors: yes or no
a. woody shoot traits leaves are important
b. shoot tip & young leaves observed in summer
c. sex observation is important for rootstock ID
d. basal adult leaves are important

A

a. no
b. no
c. yes
d. yes

48
Q

Clonal polymorphism can be explained by : source genetic variation used by breeders to improve phenotypic: yes or no
a. the emergence of mutations
b. hybridization and selection of siblings
c. different sanitary status

A

a. yes
b. no
c. yes
Viruses can fuck with genetics

49
Q

Chardonnay: yes or no
a. is a mutation of Pinot
b. is a late variety
c. has 38 chromosomes in its cells

A

a. no
b. no
c. yes

50
Q

Resistant varieties: yes or no
a. can be named “interspecific hybrids”
b. can belong to Vitis vinifera
c. allow a strong reduction in use of pesticides

A

a. yes
b. no
c. yes

51
Q

Vitis amurensis is used for breeding: yes or no
a. resistance to downy mildew
b. resistance to powdery mildew
c. resistance to winter frost

A

a. yes
b. no
c. yes

52
Q

Vitis Amurensis: yes or no
a. is a North American species
b. was hybridized for downy mildew resistances

A

a. no
b. yes

53
Q

What is a National Catalogue for Grape Varieties? yes or no
a. Lists of intl grape vars grown around the world
b. Lists of grape vars truly identified
c. List of table, wine grapes & rootstock that can be commercialized in each Euro country:

A

a. no
b. no
c. yes

54
Q

Which proposition(s) is (are) absolutely correct? yes or no
a. Resistances against pathogens exist in Vitis vinifera
b. M. rotundifolia was used to breed frost-tolerant hybrids
c. Isabella is an hybrid from Vitis labrusca

A

a. yes
b. no
c. yes

55
Q

A resistance QTL to a fungus is more likely to be overcome if:
a. conferring a partial resistance
b. associated with another QTL for the same pathogen
c. grapevines are cultivated without any fungicide

A

Quality trait locus

a. yes
b. no
c. yes

56
Q

The variety Cabernet-Sauvignon
a. is a child of Sauvignon Blanc
b. is an early ripening variety
c. is an autochthonous variety from the south of France

A

a. yes
b. no
c. no

57
Q

Explain Mapping

A

A genetic map is a simplified representation of the genome showing the location and
distance between the markers
Grapes have 30,000 genes and chromosomes are : n=19 haploid cells and n=38 diploid
Gene mapping is a technique used to identify a gene’s location and the distance
between genes on a chromosome. This allows us to map out genetic markers (3k - 4k base pairs) as loci
Microsatellites or SNPs are genetic markers
Genetic markers indicate chemical or physical processes carried out by specific gene
Markers should be on the same chromosome to ensure better correlation
Closer markers are more likely to be inherited together
QTL - quantitative trait locus analysis uses 2 different kinds of info which allows us to link specific traits to their region on a chromosome
phenotypic data aka traits measured
Genotypic data aka molecular marker location
The way they put it on the map is by checking the recombination percentage.
We cross 2 genotypes and observe the molecular markers in the progeny
The map allows us to:
- identify the genes controlling a trait
- select individuals within a progeny that possess the markers for desired
trait
- pyramid (triangulate) QTLs linked to same trait

Vine Biology (5 decks)

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