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Vine Biology > Ampelography - T. Lacombe + Others > Flashcards

Ampelography - T. Lacombe + Others Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is ampelography important (4 reasons)

A

-describe* & identify grapevine
-origin & evolution of varieties
-behavior & potential of varieties
-preservation of genetic resources

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2
Q

A minor variation in a vine = _________, a major variation =_________

A

clone
new cultivar

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3
Q

Cultivar

A

AKA variety, cepage, vitigno
-cultivated variety
-initially produced from one seed, then vegetatively propegated
-variable number of clones, variations can occur

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4
Q

Clone

A

AKA biotype, selection, type
Definition according to OIV: A clone is the vegetative progeny of a single vine plant. For selection purposes this single plant is chosen for its varietal identity, its phenotypic traits and its sanitary state.

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5
Q

Synonym versus homonymy

A

synonym: serveral names for one cultivar
homonymy: one name for several cultivars (riesling, grey riesling, emerald riesling)

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6
Q

Teinturier
“ten-tur-ee-aye”

A

grapes with colored flesh

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7
Q

Methods of ampelography identification

A

-Morphology (phenotype) = Ampelography, Ampelometry, Image analysis, Phenology (bud break, veraison, maturity, etc), Palynology/caryology (pollen study)
-Chemical taxonomy
-Biochemical markers
-Molecular markers (genotype)

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8
Q

Two types of hairiness on vines

A
  • Prostrate (or wooly, cotton) hairs
  • Erect (or pubescent) hairs
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9
Q

When is it best to extract DNA, and when is it not

A

-best on young leaves, but can be done on other vine parts and juice.
-very challenging to be done on wine

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9
Q

Molecular marker: SSRs

A

-Extraction of DNA
-Simple Sequence Repeats = Microsatellites
DNA written in four letter code, repitition of letters counted

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10
Q

Biochemical markers: the isoenzymes

A

-polymorphism between enzymes and catalyst
=when given a certain catalyst, each variety gave specific markers, a chart was created

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11
Q

Molecular marker: PCR

A

-extraction of DNA
-chain amplification
-Polymerase Chain Reaction

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12
Q

Simple Nucleotide Polymorphism = SNP

A

-change in a single base of a microsatellite sequence

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13
Q

What are the two main tests used in molecular markers and what are the differences between them?

A

SSR: Simple Sequence Repeats = Microsatellites
-identifies varieties only
-can only test vine organs (trunk included) or juice
-referencr chart used to identify varieties

SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
-identifies varieties and clones
-can test vine organs, wine and ancient DNA (from old jugs/bottles)

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14
Q

Eukaryot versus prokaryot cells

A

-Eukaryotic cells are cells containing membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms (animals and plants)
-prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms (bacteria)

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15
Q

How many genus does the Vitaceae have

A

21; Vitis, Ampelocissus, Cissus, Parthenocissus (japanese ivy), etc

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16
Q

How many diferent species does Vitis have

A

70; Vitis vinifera, Vitis rupestris, etc

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17
Q

Botanical characteristics of Vitis

A
  • Shrubs with perennial stocks
  • Tendrils without suction grip
  • Inflorescences in cluster, opposite to leaves
  • Flowers with 5 base units
  • Calyptra anthesis
  • Free stamens
  • Ovary on top
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18
Q

Differences between Vitis and Muscadinia

A
  • Number of chromosomes n=19, n=20
  • Position of the subero‐phelodermic layer
  • Bark
  • Pith and xylem of the shoots
  • Division of the tendrils
  • Shape of the seeds
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19
Q

How many American Vitis species

A

21 species (+ 4 natural hybrids)
-classified into 6 series

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20
Q

How many Asian Vitis species

A

54 species and counting
-not regularly updated

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21
Q

Vitis labrusca

A

-Fox grape
-Cold‐hardy (frost resistance)
-Long growing cycle
-PM & DM resistant
-Phylloxera tolerant
-medium/big berries

22
Q

Vitis riparia

A

Vitis riparia
-Riverbank grape
-Cold‐hardy (frost resistance)
-Short growing cycle
-Thin roots/Long shoots
-Phylloxera: tolerance
-sensitive to chlorosis
-PM & DM resistant

23
Q

Vitis berlandieri

A

-Little mountain grape, Spanish grape
-Adapted to drought (from Texas)
-Late growing cycle
- Phylloxera, PM & DM resistant
-Limestone tolerant
-Roostocks (80%)

24
Q

Vitis rupestris

A

-Sand grape, Rock grape
-Adapted to drought (Missouri/Arkansas)
-Upright shoots
-Phylloxera, PM & DM resistant
-sensitive to chlorosis

25
Q

What are the two subspecies of Vitis vinifera

A

V.v. sylvestris (wild)
V.v. sativa (domesticated)

26
Q

What are the main physiological differences between V.v. sylvestris and V.v. sativa

A

V.v. sylvestris
-smaller leaves
-male and female flowers
-smaller/looser clusers with few berries
-shorter/rounder seeds

27
Q

How many cultivars of Vitis vinifera exist today

A

about 6000

28
Q

What are the two main morphotypes of Vitis vinifera

A

Table grape
Wine grape

29
Q

Explain the two types of vine variations

A

-Minor variations (quantitative): interaction with
environment = Clones
-Major variation (qualitative): stable and noticeable = Cultivars/varieties

30
Q

give examples of quantitative variations between clones

A

-Morphology (Hairs, color, lobes, berry shape)
-Shoot attitude, (vigour)
-Susceptibility to diseases?
-Yield components
-Fertility, berry set, compactness, bunch size, berry size
-Sugar content and acidity
-Colour and phenolic compounds

31
Q

Origins of clonal variations

A
  1. Somatic mutations (change in DNA sequence)
  2. Epigenetic modifications (changes in gene expression not attributable to a change in DNA sequence = DNA methylation, modifications to chromatin structure, loss of imprinting, and non-coding RNA)
  3. Sanitary status (viruses fuck with genes)
32
Q

Somatic mutation

A

-change in DNA sequence
-natural or induced

33
Q

Epigenic variation

A

-DNA variation without sequence change
-expression changes

34
Q

Sanitary variation

A

-virus, bacteria, phytoplasm

35
Q

Chimerism

A

-mix in one organism of two different genotypes
-not the whole plant can have effect
-humans with two different eyes

36
Q

What is the Georgian winemaking vessle called

A

Qvevri
-grapes into qvevri for 6 months for fermentation and aging

37
Q

Criteria for choosing a rootstock (3)

A
  1. Resistance to other soil pests or diseases
  2. Adaptation to soil and climate
  3. Influence on the scion and objectives of use
38
Q

How many rootstocks are registered in France and what are the top 5?

A

31 registered
SO4, 110R, 3309C, 41B, 140RU

39
Q

Resistance Vs tolerance ?

A

– Tolerance : ability to limit the damage caused by apathogen (or abiotic stress)
– Resistance : ability to limit the pathogen itself

40
Q

What are the two main purposes to create / select varieties

A

resistance/tolerance
-to pests and diseases
-to abiotic stresses (winter frost, drought, lime, salt…)

41
Q

Merlot

A

Parentage: Madeleine noire des Charentes X
Cabernet franc

Origin: France, Gironde

Middle-early ripening. High fertility/vigorous

Susceptible to drought

42
Q

Cabernet sauvignon

A

Parentage: Cabernet franc X Sauvignon; grandchild of Savagnin.

origin: south western Franc

Mid to late ripening. Vigorous

needs deep but drained soils,

resistant to winter cold,

43
Q

Cabernet franc

A

origin: sowthwest France

early ripener, more adapted to cool climates

vigorous

drought sensitive

44
Q

Sauvignon blanc

A

Parentage: Savagnin X ? . Sibling of Chenin blanc

origin: center or South-West of France

Early to mid ripening.

Very vigorous, needs weak rootstocks

45
Q

Carmenere

A

Descendant of Cab franc (likely)

vigorous

46
Q

Cot

A

AKA Malbec

origin: south west of France

Magdeleine noire des Charentes X Prunelard

sensitive to coulure (shatter)

47
Q

Syrah

A

origin: ancient from south eastern France

Genetics: Mondeuse blanche X Dureza

vigorous

48
Q

3309C

A

Riparia x Rupestris
– Susceptible to drought
- Very susceptible to salt
– Well balanced rootstock
– Rootstock compatible with quality
– Good grafting and rooting

49
Q

SO4

A

Riparia x Berlandieri

– Very good resistance to Nematodes
– Limestone: resistant
– High yields
– Good degree but light wines

50
Q

110 Richter

A

Rupestris x Berlandieri

– Good with Grenache
– Very good resistance to
drought
– Limestone: resistant
– 1st rootstock propagated
– Low cutting production
– Medium cutting ability

51
Q

140 Ruggeri

A

Rupestris x Berlandieri

– Rooting problems
– Limestone: resistant
– High vigour
– Resistant to drought

52
Q

41B

A

Chasselas (Vinifera) x Berlandieri

– Susceptible to Downy mildew
– Limestone: resistance high
– Very susceptible to humidity excess
– Wine degree always inferior

Vine Biology (5 decks)

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