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Vine Biology > Ampelography - T. Lacombe + Others > Flashcards

Ampelography - T. Lacombe + Others Flashcards

1
Q

Why is ampelography important (4 reasons)

A

-describe* & identify grapevine
-origin & evolution of varieties
-behavior & potential of varieties
-preservation of genetic resources

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2
Q

A minor variation in a vine = _________, a major variation =_________

A

clone
new cultivar

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3
Q

Cultivar

A

AKA variety, cepage, vitigno
-cultivated variety
-initially produced from one seed, then vegetatively propegated
-variable number of clones, variations can occur

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4
Q

Clone

A

AKA biotype, selection, type
Definition according to OIV: A clone is the vegetative progeny of a single vine plant. For selection purposes this single plant is chosen for its varietal identity, its phenotypic traits and its sanitary state.

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5
Q

Synonym versus homonymy

A

synonym: serveral names for one cultivar
homonymy: one name for several cultivars (riesling, grey riesling, emerald riesling)

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6
Q

Teinturier
“ten-tur-ee-aye”

A

grapes with colored flesh

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7
Q

Methods of ampelography identification

A

-Morphology (phenotype) = Ampelography, Ampelometry, Image analysis, Phenology (bud break, veraison, maturity, etc), Palynology/caryology (pollen study)
-Chemical taxonomy
-Biochemical markers
-Molecular markers (genotype)

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8
Q

Two types of hairiness on vines

A
  • Prostrate (or wooly, cotton) hairs
  • Erect (or pubescent) hairs
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9
Q

When is it best to extract DNA, and when is it not

A

-best on young leaves, but can be done on other vine parts and juice.
-very challenging to be done on wine

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9
Q

Molecular marker: SSRs

A

-Extraction of DNA
-Simple Sequence Repeats = Microsatellites
DNA written in four letter code, repitition of letters counted

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10
Q

Biochemical markers: the isoenzymes

A

-polymorphism between enzymes and catalyst
=when given a certain catalyst, each variety gave specific markers, a chart was created

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11
Q

Molecular marker: PCR

A

-extraction of DNA
-chain amplification
-Polymerase Chain Reaction

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12
Q

Simple Nucleotide Polymorphism = SNP

A

-change in a single base of a microsatellite sequence

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13
Q

What are the two main tests used in molecular markers and what are the differences between them?

A

SSR: Simple Sequence Repeats = Microsatellites
-identifies varieties only
-can only test vine organs (trunk included) or juice
-referencr chart used to identify varieties

SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
-identifies varieties and clones
-can test vine organs, wine and ancient DNA (from old jugs/bottles)

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14
Q

Eukaryot versus prokaryot cells

A

-Eukaryotic cells are cells containing membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms (animals and plants)
-prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms (bacteria)

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15
Q

How many genus does the Vitaceae have

A

21; Vitis, Ampelocissus, Cissus, Parthenocissus (japanese ivy), etc

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16
Q

How many diferent species does Vitis have

A

70; Vitis vinifera, Vitis rupestris, etc

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17
Q

Botanical characteristics of Vitis

A
  • Shrubs with perennial stocks
  • Tendrils without suction grip
  • Inflorescences in cluster, opposite to leaves
  • Flowers with 5 base units
  • Calyptra anthesis
  • Free stamens
  • Ovary on top
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18
Q

Differences between Vitis and Muscadinia

A
  • Number of chromosomes n=19, n=20
  • Position of the subero‐phelodermic layer
  • Bark
  • Pith and xylem of the shoots
  • Division of the tendrils
  • Shape of the seeds
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19
Q

How many American Vitis species

A

21 species (+ 4 natural hybrids)
-classified into 6 series

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20
Q

How many Asian Vitis species

A

54 species and counting
-not regularly updated

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21
Q

Vitis labrusca

A

-Fox grape
-Cold‐hardy (frost resistance)
-Long growing cycle
-PM & DM resistant
-Phylloxera tolerant
-medium/big berries

22
Q

Vitis riparia

A

Vitis riparia
-Riverbank grape
-Cold‐hardy (frost resistance)
-Short growing cycle
-Thin roots/Long shoots
-Phylloxera: tolerance
-sensitive to chlorosis
-PM & DM resistant

23
Q

Vitis berlandieri

A

-Little mountain grape, Spanish grape
-Adapted to drought (from Texas)
-Late growing cycle
- Phylloxera, PM & DM resistant
-Limestone tolerant
-Roostocks (80%)

24
Vitis rupestris
-Sand grape, Rock grape -Adapted to drought (Missouri/Arkansas) -Upright shoots -Phylloxera, PM & DM resistant -sensitive to chlorosis
25
What are the two subspecies of Vitis vinifera
V.v. sylvestris (wild) V.v. sativa (domesticated)
26
What are the main physiological differences between V.v. sylvestris and V.v. sativa
V.v. sylvestris -smaller leaves -male and female flowers -smaller/looser clusers with few berries -shorter/rounder seeds
27
How many cultivars of Vitis vinifera exist today
about 6000
28
What are the two main morphotypes of Vitis vinifera
Table grape Wine grape
29
Explain the two types of vine variations
-Minor variations (quantitative): interaction with environment = Clones -Major variation (qualitative): stable and noticeable = Cultivars/varieties
30
give examples of quantitative variations between clones
-Morphology (Hairs, color, lobes, berry shape) -Shoot attitude, (vigour) -Susceptibility to diseases? -Yield components -Fertility, berry set, compactness, bunch size, berry size -Sugar content and acidity -Colour and phenolic compounds
31
Origins of clonal variations
1. Somatic mutations (change in DNA sequence) 2. Epigenetic modifications (changes in gene expression not attributable to a change in DNA sequence = DNA methylation, modifications to chromatin structure, loss of imprinting, and non-coding RNA) 3. Sanitary status (viruses fuck with genes)
32
Somatic mutation
-change in DNA sequence -natural or induced
33
Epigenic variation
-DNA variation without sequence change -expression changes
34
Sanitary variation
-virus, bacteria, phytoplasm
35
Chimerism
-mix in one organism of two different genotypes -not the whole plant can have effect -humans with two different eyes
36
What is the Georgian winemaking vessle called
Qvevri -grapes into qvevri for 6 months for fermentation and aging
37
Criteria for choosing a rootstock (3)
1. Resistance to other soil pests or diseases 2. Adaptation to soil and climate 3. Influence on the scion and objectives of use
38
How many rootstocks are registered in France and what are the top 5?
31 registered SO4, 110R, 3309C, 41B, 140RU
39
Resistance Vs tolerance ?
– Tolerance : ability to limit the damage caused by apathogen (or abiotic stress) – Resistance : ability to limit the pathogen itself
40
What are the two main purposes to create / select varieties
resistance/tolerance -to pests and diseases -to abiotic stresses (winter frost, drought, lime, salt…)
41
Merlot
Parentage: Madeleine noire des Charentes X Cabernet franc Origin: France, Gironde Middle-early ripening. High fertility/vigorous Susceptible to drought
42
Cabernet sauvignon
Parentage: Cabernet franc X Sauvignon; grandchild of Savagnin. origin: south western Franc Mid to late ripening. Vigorous needs deep but drained soils, resistant to winter cold,
43
Cabernet franc
origin: sowthwest France early ripener, more adapted to cool climates vigorous drought sensitive
44
Sauvignon blanc
Parentage: Savagnin X ? . Sibling of Chenin blanc origin: center or South-West of France Early to mid ripening. Very vigorous, needs weak rootstocks
45
Carmenere
Descendant of Cab franc (likely) vigorous
46
Cot
AKA Malbec origin: south west of France Magdeleine noire des Charentes X Prunelard sensitive to coulure (shatter)
47
Syrah
origin: ancient from south eastern France Genetics: Mondeuse blanche X Dureza vigorous
48
3309C
Riparia x Rupestris – Susceptible to drought - Very susceptible to salt – Well balanced rootstock – Rootstock compatible with quality – Good grafting and rooting
49
SO4
Riparia x Berlandieri – Very good resistance to Nematodes – Limestone: resistant – High yields – Good degree but light wines
50
110 Richter
Rupestris x Berlandieri – Good with Grenache – Very good resistance to drought – Limestone: resistant – 1st rootstock propagated – Low cutting production – Medium cutting ability
51
140 Ruggeri
Rupestris x Berlandieri – Rooting problems – Limestone: resistant – High vigour – Resistant to drought
52
41B
Chasselas (Vinifera) x Berlandieri – Susceptible to Downy mildew – Limestone: resistance high – Very susceptible to humidity excess – Wine degree always inferior

Vine Biology (5 decks)

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