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Vine Biology > Biology - Laurent > Flashcards

Biology - Laurent Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is anatomy needed to properly manage a vineyard

A

-how to regulate the number of bunches (bud fruitfulness/fruiting intensity)
-how to regulate canopy structure (type of bud/pruning selection)
-when/where to spray chemicals (phenology/spraying efficiency)
-how to graft/prepare cuttings (rooting,graft union/shoot anatomy)

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2
Q

How do monopodial plants grow

A

Upwards from a terminal point. At each cycle - growth resumes from terminal buds
(conifer trees)

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3
Q

How do sympodial plants grow

A

Outwards from auxillary meristems. The main stem ceases to elongate at the end of each cycle and growth resumes from lateral meristems (branching shrubs)

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4
Q

Does the grapevine have a monopodial or sympodial growing system

A

both; it has a sympodial system, but it behaves as a monopod
-the cultivated vine is redesiged architecture

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5
Q

Location and function of the terminal bud (AKA apex, or SAM)

A

shoot tip, primary growth and development

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6
Q

Location, function, and characteristics of the prompt bud

A

axillary (between the main shoot and a petiole), grows the lateral shoot,
-immediate growth after creation
-low fruitfulness
-lacking ripness compared to others
-same structure as main shoot
-typically cannot lignify
(every node can develope a lateral shoot)

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7
Q

Location, function, and characteristics of the winter or latent bud

A

axillary to the lateral shoot (between main shoot and petiole), delayed growth
-bud for next year
-develops with lateral shoot
-three scales cover it to protect
-turns brown when fully developed
-starts dormancy before plant

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8
Q

Location and function of the basal buds

A

cane base - auxillary to scales,
unknown function
-SAM reestablishement
-low fruit fertility
-no node separation between buds
-buds do not follow the same phyllotaxi as main shoot buds

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9
Q

SAM

A

shoot apical meristem

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10
Q

Location and function of old buds (woody buds)

A

perennial parts = trunk and arms (suckers),
unknown function
-SAM reestablishment
-can be useful if damage occurs to other buds
-can be used to renew trunks/cordons
-low fruit fertility
-“sucker” = uses energy but doesn’t contribute fruit

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11
Q

What buds need to be considered to manage the canopy organization and yield regulation?

A

all of them; terminal buds, lateral shoot buds, winter/latent buds, basal buds, and old buds

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12
Q

What are adventitious roots

A

roots that form from non root tissue in response to stress

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13
Q

What is phyllotaxis

A

the study of plant arrangement pattern

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14
Q

What is the phyllotaxis of the grapevine’s main shoots

A

alternate distichous

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15
Q

What type of phyllotaxis do the lateral shoots have

A

the same as the main shoots; alternate distichous, but front to back instead of left to right (a 90° rotation)

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16
Q

How many nodes are developed in the winter bud

A

8 - 10

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17
Q

What types of buds develope after winter pruning

A

-term buds/regular buds
-basal buds
-old buds

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18
Q

Do all buds on a cane have the same fruitfulness?

A

No, depending on the variety, buds have varying fruitfulness (it is typically higher in the buds on the middle of the cane)

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19
Q

Will the buds on a second year sucker be fruitful

A

yes, they will have the same fruitfulness as the others from regular shoots

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20
Q

What are the months canopy hedging is done. What are the implications of these months

A

May, June, July, and August
May = very early; lateral shoots producing fruit with uneven ripeness
June = normal
July & August = late but preferred months; plant will focus on ripening instead of growth

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21
Q

Factors impacting bud fruitfulness

A

-cultivar
-bud type (terminal, basal, old, lateral, latent)
-bud location (rank on cane)
-climate during year 1 - development
-climate during year 2 - growth
-vine vigour (soil nutrients, pathogens, source/sink ratio)
-vineyard practices (pruning, hedging)

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22
Q

How does the climate effect the bud in year 1 versus year 2

A

Year 1: inflorescence or tendril differentiation
Year 2: size and amount of berries

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23
Q

Apical dominance

A

determines bud growth priority
-during green growth,
-between buds of different ranks
-which is stronger
-caused by hormone auxin

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24
Q

Acrotony

A

determines bud growth priority
-when growth resumes (after green or winter pruning)
-between buds of same ranks

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25
Q

What happens if the SAM is suppressed by being cut off or broken

A

apical dominance shifts to acrotony on lateral shoots.
lateral shoots near tip grow long while the lower ones stay shorter

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26
Q

What is a liana

A

a grapevine; a long-stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, and other vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight.

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27
Q

How can you mitigate acrotony during pruning

A

-cane prune and bend the canes in U shape
-spur prune

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28
Q

What is Cyanamide

A

product used to break bud dormancy

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29
Q

How can you reduce lateral shoot branching

A

-delay hedging
-use wire shoot lifts

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30
Q

What is the difference between a terminal bud on other flowering trees compared to the terminal bud of a grapevine

A

terminal buds on fruiting trees go dormant in the winter and then grow from that bud’s apical meristem again in the spring.
grapevines terminal bud’s apical meristems die each season, and growth the following spring comes from lateral shoot buds

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31
Q

Fixed shoot growth

A

elongation of internodes and the expansion of leaves which were preformed in the dorant bud. up to 12 nodes

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32
Q

Free shoot growth

A

elongation of a shoot by continuois production of new leaf primordia by the apical meristem

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33
Q

What are the two functions of the apical meristem

A

production of new organs and production of new tissues

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34
Q

What turns roots brown

A

from oxidation of phenols released from the vacuoles of dead or colapsed epidermal cells

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35
Q

Meristem

A

undifferentiated cells capable of cell division, located in the cambium

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36
Q

What are the three primary meristems and what will they form

A

-the protoderm: will become the epidermis
-the ground meristem: forms the ground tissues comprising parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells (pith and cortex)
-the procambium: will become the vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

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37
Q

What forms the three primary meristems

A

the apical meristem

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38
Q

What are the three types of roots

A

-seeding root - primary/radicular root (becomes tap root)
-secondary root - branching
-cutting root - adventitious organs

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39
Q

What are the two contributors to root elongation

A

mitosis and elongation

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40
Q

Rootcap formation

A

column of meristematic cells in the interior divide and push the derivative cells outward.
these cells reduce friction and hygroscopic mucilage is produced

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41
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A

-thick-walled cells, usually lignified
-tissue enables plant organs to withstand strains from stretching, bending, weight, and pressure while protecting thin-walled cells.

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42
Q

Parenchyma

A

-forms the bulk of plant ground tissue
-function; photosynthesis, storage, or transport.
-provides a route of exchange for materials within and between the xylem and the phloem

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43
Q

What are the three phases of root growth

A

1: colonisation (7-8 years) - emission of roots, elongation and ramification during year 2, determined by vigor/environment
2: adult age (15-20 years) - elongation slows down, exploration improved due to laterals formed annually
3: senescence (? years) - due to increasing complexity of vascular tissues & mutations/parasites, decreases ability to for laterals, coincides with reduction of biological activity in aerial part

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44
Q

What are the four primary factors for root growth and development

A
  1. genotype
  2. geotropism (growth in response to the force of gravity)
  3. hydrotropism (the growth/turning of roots towards or away from moisture)
  4. oxygenotropism (the growth of a plant in the direction of air or oxygen)
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45
Q

What three things does sustainable viticulture need to be sucessful

A
  1. technically affordable
  2. economically profitable
  3. environmentaly friendly
46
Q

What are the three physical production factors that need to be considered for viticulture? explain their specifics

A
  1. Abiotic: pedology (soil), topography, climate
  2. Biotic: pest, disease, weeds
  3. Genotype: scion, clone, rootstock
47
Q

Strategy to improve

A

-select ideotypes (traits desired)
-phynotypic diversity (where to find them)
-implementation: clonal/ariety selection, non-local/old varieties, genetic innovation (new variety - crossbreeding or biotechs)

48
Q

Genome

A

genetic material in a single cell

49
Q

Where is DNA located

A

mainly in the nucleus, but also in the chloroplasts and mitochondrion

50
Q

Is a genome and genotype the same thing?

A

No;
-the genome is the organism’s ensemble of genes (in a single cell).
-the genotype is the individual organism’s unique set of all the genes (genetic profile)

51
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; carries genetic information in all multicellular forms of life.
It carries instructions for the creation of protiens, which carry out a wide range of roles

52
Q

What holds DNA together

A

hydrogen bonds between bases on adjacent strands with nucleotides Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

53
Q

What are the nucleotide bases for DNA and how are they paired

A

ATGC
adenine always pairs with thymine
guanine always pairs with cytosine

54
Q

Explain how DNA becomes protien instructions

A

The ATGC bases along a single strand of DNA act as three letter codes - each code is a building block for protiens.
The enzyme RNA transcribes DNA into mRNA (messenger RNA) by unzipping the two strands of DNA and reading/copying the single strand sequence nucleotides. mRNA replaces the Thymine with another base Uracil.
The mRNA carries the genetic code out of nucleus and to the cytoplasm - protein synthesis takes place by ribosomes

55
Q

genetic translation

A

process of converting mRNA code into proteins

56
Q

What does diploid mean

A

-the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.
-1 locus = 2 genes

57
Q

How many chromosomes do grapevines have

A

n=19 or 20
2n= 38 or 40

58
Q

What is tetraploid and what effect would it have on a grapevine

A

-four chromosomes (4n),
-berry size increases

59
Q

Locus

A

location of a gene, each loci has 2 alleles on each diploid chromosome

60
Q

Gene

A

segments of DNA, functional sequences, very long, give physical characteristics

61
Q

In diploid chromosomes, one locus has how many genes

A

2, one on each allele

62
Q

Allele

A

-a version of a gene sequence at a specific location,
-a parental sequences (one side of DNA is mothers and the other side fathers)

63
Q

Genetic diversity is based on ________________ changes

A

nucleotide sequence

64
Q

Mutation

A

modification in the nucleotide sequence, heterogenous

65
Q

How many amino acids make up a protein

A

200-300

66
Q

What is a DNA point mutation

A

occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed

67
Q

What is a DNA silent mutation

A

occur when the change of the DNA sequence within a protein-coding portion of a gene does not affect the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein.

68
Q

What are the two types of cell division? Explain them

A
  1. Mitosis: cells increase with no changes of DNA (quantity and quality)
  2. Meiosis: cells increases with a change and reduction in DNA content per cell - produces gametes
69
Q

How do grapevine cells divide

A

both mitosis and meiosis.
-during vegetative growth they undergo mitosis
-during sexual reproduction they undergo meiosis.

70
Q

The difference between homozygous and heterozygous genes

A

Homozygous: the same version of the gene from each parent = two matching genes, identical

Heterozygous: a different version of a gene from each parent = many different possible combinations, different

71
Q

Are grapevine genes homozygous or heterozygous

A

heterozygous = many different version of genes when crossbreeding
(homozygocity hasn’t been found yet)

72
Q

Phynotype

A

observable trait

73
Q

Explain dominant genes

A

the relationship between alleles of one gene in which the effect on the phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of the second allele (at the same locus).
dominant over recessive.

74
Q

What are the three types of dominant genes

A

-semi-dominance: a blending of two alleles = a third phenotype different from the parents
-super dominance: holding a position of absolute dominance
-heterosis: hybrid interaction! canceling of deleterious/inferior recessive alleles contributed by one parent, by beneficial or superior dominant alleles contributed by the other parent in the heterozygous genotypes at different loci

75
Q

What type of gene dominance is used in hybrids

A

heterosis: canceling of deleterious/inferior recessive alleles contributed by one parent, by beneficial or superior dominant alleles contributed by the other parent in the heterozygous genotypes at different loci

76
Q

Non-Mendelian inheritance

A

the inheritance of traits that have a more complex genetic basis than one gene with two alleles and complete dominance

77
Q

Where is DNA stored and what parents does it come from

A

-DNA in the nucleau comes from both parents
-DNA in the chloroplasts and the mitochondrions come from the mother ONLY

78
Q

By crossing _________ you increase the heterozygous effect

A

two different varieties

79
Q

Hereditary equation

A

Vp = Vg + Ve + Vge
Variation Phenotypic: Vp
Variation Genetic: Vg
Variation Environmental: Ve
Genetic-Environmental Interaction: Vge

80
Q

Broad-Sense Heritability, what do the values of H2 signify

A

H2 = Vg/Vp
-If H2 = 0, then none of the phenotypic variance is caused by genetic variance.
-If H2 = 1, then the phenotypic variance is 100% caused by genetic variance.

81
Q

Which chromosome determines grape color, and which is dominant

A

number 2, red fruit color is dominant

82
Q

Genotype versus Phenotype

A

-genotype: sum of genetic info = chromosomes, DNA, nucleotides, gene structure

-phenotype: sum of resulting traits FROM GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT = structural properties, enzymatic function, morphology, phenolic attributes, adaptation to environment

83
Q

A genotype can have ________________ depending on the environment

A

different phenotypes

84
Q

Mendelian traits: how many genes, what is means, and examples

A

Mono locus (single gene)
One allele is dominant over the other. The phenotype reflects the dominant allele.

Ex: run1 & rpv1, diglucosides of anthocyanins

85
Q

Semi-quantitative genetic traits: how many genes, what is means, and examples

A

Mono or pluri-loci (few genes).
phenotype variation among individuals
Ex: flower sex, berry color, aromas, seedlessness

86
Q

Quantitative genetic traits: how many genes, what is means, and exampless

A

Pluri-loci (several genes)
phenotypic variation among individuals.
Ex: phenological stages, yield, acidity, mildew tolerance

87
Q

What types of genetic trait is berry skin color
-Mendelian trait
-Semi-quantitative trait
-Quantitative trait

A

semi-quantitative trait
-5 or 6 anthocyanins in grapes
-concentration of anthocyanins changes color
-sugars linked to anthocyanin color and stability

88
Q

Wines with monoglucoside anthocyanins were ______ color stable to heat and light than wines with diglucoside pigments

A

less

89
Q

What is an anthocyanin and where are they derrived from

A

-color pigment and antioxidant
-glucosides of the anthocyanidins, flavonoid derivatives produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway.
-color and stability of pigments influenced by: pH, light, temperature, and structure. Low pH = red, High pH = blue, then become unstable and brown

90
Q

____________ anthocyanins are highly UNdesirable in wine maturation and aging chemistry (susceptible to browning/loss of color)

A

diglucoside

91
Q

Which type of anthocyanins do Vitis vinifera product
-monoglucoside
-diglucoside

A

monoglucoside

92
Q

When reading breeding charts, how are the vine sexes ordered, ____ x _____ = new variety

A

variety on left is female and the right is male

93
Q

What is the more dominant gene
-monoglucoside
-diglucoside

A

diglucoside

94
Q

What type of trait is the mono/di glucoside

A

mendelian trait

95
Q

Syrah x Pinot N = ? what color
Syrah color gene: R/r, Pinot N color gene: R/r
R=anthocyanins, r=no anthocyanins
What is the percentage of the outcome

A

……….R r <PN
R R/R | R/r
————-
r R/r | r/r

^SY

25% R/R, 50% R/r, 25% r/r

96
Q

What is the critical gene needed for color

A

MybA gene

97
Q

____ is the main regulator of the anthocyanin pathway.

A

MybA gene

98
Q

_____ can be affected by a virus and change the color of the grapes

A

MybA gene

99
Q

Nuclear effect versus maternal effect

A

gene effect from father, gene effect from mother

100
Q

Which types of traits can be mapped

A

quantitative traits

101
Q

What are the steps in breeding without genetic molecular markers

A

-breeding: allele re-distribution and chromosomal re-combination
-segregating traits in progenies
-individual performance evaluation (phenotyping)

102
Q

What are the disadvantages to breeding without molecular markers

A

-lengthy process
-random recombinations hazards
-difficult to combine several traits in a single step
-poor efficiency due to Environment and GxE (genetics x environment)

103
Q

Run1

A

powdery mildew resistant gene (uncinula necator)

104
Q

Rpv1

A

downy mildew resistant gene (plasmopara viticola)

105
Q

Muscadina rotundfolia has what two resistant genes

A

Run1 & Rpv1

106
Q

What is a molecular genetic marker

A

a fragment of DNA sequence that is associated to a part of the genome

107
Q

What are the three types of molecular markers

A

-biochemical (change in sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule)

-molecular (difference in DNA nucleotide sequence that is linked to a target gene that expresses a trait)

-morphological (by sight)

108
Q

Types of biochemical breeding marker tests

A

isozyme, protein banding patters

109
Q

Types of molecular marker tests

A

Based on hybridization
SNP: single nucleotide polymorphisms
SSR: simple sequence repeats (less used)

110
Q

How do PCR tests work

A

sample is heated over and over again (30 times), DNA duplicates, then a loci is analyzed

111
Q
A
112
Q

Test

A

Test

Vine Biology (5 decks)

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