VII - Mood Disorders I Flashcards

1
Q

Defining feature of mood disorders

A

Abnormal mood/affect

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2
Q

Two key moods

A

Mania and depression

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3
Q

Unipolar depressive disorders

A

Person experiences only depressive episodes

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4
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

Both manic and depressive episodes

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5
Q

Loss/Bereavement

A

In DSM-IV, there was a 2 month bereavement exclusion for depression. In DSM-V, exclusion removed.

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6
Q

Postpartum “blues”

A

More common than postpartum depression - emotional lability, easy crying, irritability mixed with happy feelings. Major depression in women who have given birth no more frequent than matched women who have not given birth. DSM has a “postpartum onset” specifier if depressive symptoms within 4 weeks of birth.

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7
Q

6 Depressive Disorders

A

(1) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
(2) Major Depressive Disorder
(3) Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
(4) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
(5) Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder
(6) Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

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8
Q

Mild depression - adaptivity

A

Brief periods of depression can be adaptive and normal. Allow us to be still, reflect

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9
Q

Persistent depressive/dysthymic disorder

A

Mild/moderate version of depression that lasts a long time - chronicity. Symptoms must persist more than 2 years. Intermittent, brief normal moods. Lifetime prevalence - 2.5-6%. Average duration - 4-5 years. 50% onset before 21

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10
Q

Episodes - diagnostic codes

A

Mood episodes alone do not have diagnostic codes - not diagnosed as separate entities. They are building blocks for disorder.

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11
Q

Major depressive disorder - two types

A

Single Episode and Recurrent

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12
Q

Major depressive episode criteria

A

A. 5 or more of following symptoms in period of 2 weeks; one must be 1 or 2 - (1) Depressed most of day, nearly every day; (2) Diminished interest/pleasure in most activities; (3) Weight loss or gain; (4) Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; (5) Psychomotor agitation or retardation; (6) Feelings of worthlessness/guilt; (7) Fatigue; (8) Diminished cognitive powers or indecisiveness; (9) Suicidal thoughts

B. Clinically significant distress or impairment

C. Symptoms not from medication or another medical condition

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13
Q

Significant loss

A

Decision of whether it is depression rests on judgment based on individual’s history and cultural norms in context of the loss.

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14
Q

Major Depressive Disorder Criteria

A

At least one Major Depressive Episode; MDE not better accounted for my Schizoaffective Disorder and not superimposed on a psychotic disorder; never manic or hypomanic

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15
Q

Specifiers for major depressive episodes

A

Episodes may have melancholic, psychotic, atypical, catatonic, seasonal features.

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16
Q

Recurrence

A

Most episodes remit (meaning no symptoms for 2+ months) for average period of 9 months. Usually will recur/chance high. Recurrence vs relapse.

17
Q

Biological Causal Factors of unipolar mood disorders

A

Family/twin studies suggest moderate genetic contribution. Altered neurotransmitter activity in several system. Cortisol. May be low activity in left anterior or prefrontal. Serotonin-transporter gene.

18
Q

Neurochemical factors of unipolar mood disorders

A

Monoamine Theory of Depression - depletion of norepinephrine, serotonin. However, not all individuals resp to antidepressants, not all show decreased monoamines

19
Q

SSRIs

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - prevent serotonin reuptake to treat depression according to monoamine theory.

20
Q

Psychological factors in unipolar mood disorders

A

Stressful life events (independent vs dependent life events, which have stronger impact). Diathesis-stress model. Genetics, gender, neuroticism, early adversity/parental loss can be risk factors. Chronic stress.

21
Q

Psychoanalytic theories of depression

A

Anger turned inwards due to real or imagined loss

22
Q

Behavioral theories of depression

A

Responses no longer lead to positive reinforcement, so rate of negative experiences increase. State of depression may be rewarded.

23
Q

Learned helplessness and reformulated helplessness

A

If you shock a dog and prevent it from ever escaping, it will lose the will to escape when given the chance.

24
Q

Hopelessness Theory

A

Pessimistic attributional style and negative events not enough - must also have hopelessness

25
Ruminative responses towards depression
Repetitive, passive responses that may drive depression.
26
Interpersonal correlates of depression
Isolation, lack of support, skill deficits may contribute. Spouse may trigger relapse with criticism. Depressed parent -> at-risk children
27
Beck's Negative Cognitive Triad
The self; the world; the future
28
Beck - negative cognitive biases in depression
Dichotomous reasoning (extremes); selective abstraction (focusing on one negative); arbitrary inference
29
CBT Thought Record
Challenge automatic negative thoughts that flow from a core negative belief