Lecture II Flashcards
3 kinds of causes
Necessary - must exist for disorder to happen
Sufficient - guarantees the existence of disorder
Contributory - increases probability
Etiology
The causal pattern of abnormal behavior
Distal vs proximal causal factors
Distal - earlier causal factors. Proximal - more recent factors
Reinforcing contributory cause
Maintains a pre-existing maladaptive behavior
Feedback
The effects go back and influence causes
Bidirectionality
Influences can be two ways - an example is alcohol dependence and major depressive disorder
Diathesis
Predisposition to developing a disorder. Can be biological, psychological, sociocultural
Stress
The response of individual to demands perceived as taxing
Diathesis-strss models
A combination of diathesis and stress result in the emergence of the disorder
Interactive vs additive diathesis-stress models
The interactive model says that individuals without the diathesis cannot develop the disorder, regardless of level of stress. The additive models say that individuals without the diathesis can still develop the disorder if they are exposed to enough stress. In both models the chances of developing the disorder have direct relationship with the amount of stress
Protective factors
Modify a person’s response to environmental stressors, making negative consequences less likely - can be a teacher for ex.
Resilience
Ability to adapt to even very difficult circumstances
Theoretical orientation
These viewpoints help organize observations, provide systems of though, suggest areas of focus
Biopsychosocial viewpoint
A more integrative theoretical orientation that is widely supported today. Posits that biological, psychological, and social factors play into the development of a disorder
Biological viewpoint
Focuses on mental disorders as treatable diseases. Causes include (1) neurotransmitter/hormonal abnormalities in brain (2) genetic vulnerabilities (3) temperament (4) brain dysfunction and neural plasticity
Psychological viewpoint
Includes psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy
Concerned with conflicts between id, ego, superego that lead to anxiety. Ego tries to deal with this anxiety by resorting to ego-defense mechanisms. Goal is to make the unconscious conscious. Analyst makes analysand free associate and discuss childhood experiences,
Psychoanalytic ego-defense mechanisms
Displacement, fixation, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, sublimation
Psychosexual stages of development
(1) Oral stage (0-2)
(2) Anal stage (2-3)
(3) Phallic (3-6; oedipal and electra complex)
(4) Latency period (6-12)
(5) Genital stage (after puberty)
Psychoanalytic vs psychodynamic perspectives
Psychoanalytic is only from Freud. Psychodynamic also is everything that his followers came up afterwards. Psychodynamic has more empirical support and is more patient friendly - do not have to dedicate as must time as psychoanalytic.
Object-relations theory
The child takes an object - a symbolic rep of another person, and introjects it (symbolically incorporates) into own personality
Impact of psychoanalytic
Concepts of unconscious and intrapsychic conflict; importance of childhood; therapeutic techniques. However lack of empirical support, emphasis on sex drive, sexism, pessimism, perhaps overemphasis of unconscious.
Behavioral perspective
Learning is the central theme. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning and Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning are etiology. Subcategories include social learning theory, observational learning theory.
Classical conditioning
Conditioned stimulus gains capacity to elicit Unconditioned responses by simultaneous presentation with unconditioned stimulus.
