VII) Endoscopy

Question 1

What kind of therapy is Endoscopy ?

Answer 1

A minimal invasive therapy

Question 2

How can Endoscopy can allow diagnosis ?

Answer 2

Via vidéo monitoring and biopsy

Question 3

What is the material for stuff endoscope and which advantages and disadvantages it presents ?

Answer 3

Glass fibers
Can bring them in and the handle bar can tell you where the front is(good knowledge about orientation)
They are stiff so they don’t get around the curve with them.

Question 4

What are the advantages and disadvantages of flexible endoscopes ?

Answer 4

Can go around the curve

If they are long enough and you try to turn it at the end you don’t know the orientation.

Question 5

For which indications endoscopy for the diagnosis in the small intestine is made ?

Answer 5

Chronic inflammation, crohn disease, bleeding, chronic diarrhea.

Question 6

What challenges surround small intestine endoscopy ?

Answer 6

Long distance from both anal and oral orifices
3m long
Many convolutions

Question 7

What might be the advantages of capsule endoscopy ?

Answer 7

Small, can handle through, can get images.

Question 8

What are the challenges of capsule endoscopy ?

Answer 8

We have to know where it is, not to create more damages during surgical way. In a technical way : packaging

Question 9

What kind of sensors and actuators would we like to have ?

Answer 9

Ph, glucose, inflammation markers…etc

Question 10

What is the concept of smart pills ?

Answer 10

Swallowable pill with battery, camera, light and data transmission. It comes with an extra corporal receiver, a central visualization computer for localisation recovery and video data processing. (25 may 2000)

Question 11

Site example of smart pill

Answer 11

Mouth to anus (M2A) by given imaging. Localization of the pill via extra corporal sensors and a hip belt but battery lasted only for 6h

Question 12

What are the 8 components of the capsule

Answer 12

Optical window
Lens holder
Lens 
Led for illumination 
CMOS camera 
Battery
Transmitter ASIC
Antenna

Question 13

What are the component for the recording system of smart pills

Answer 13

Hip belt
Batteries
Recording unit
8 antennae

Question 14

What is the role of the workstation for smart pills ?

Answer 14

Download data from recorder
Calculation of the position of pictures
Merging pictures into a movie
Display data

Question 15

What is the time for recording with smart pills ?

Answer 15

8 to 10 hours

Question 16

What was the aim of the Vector (versatile endoscopic capsule for gastrointestinal tumOr recognition and therapy

Answer 16

More sensors : self propelling robot in the body, tools for diagnosis AND intervention, data transmission to extra corporal station. Biopsy needle to analyse later on, added in the capsule.

Question 17

Describe the system components of the VECTOR

Answer 17

Envisioned size 2cm(2)
Several suds items to be integrated: power supply , sensors, wireless communication module, vision system, actuators, surgical tools.
Modular system

Question 18

What are the tasks and challenges surrounding VeCtor ?

Answer 18

Power supply (nrj storage, wireless energy supply or additional sensors and actuators need power)
Data acquisition an telemetry (flexible substrate, robust transmission protocol needed, high data rate, body atténuâtes the signal)
Locomotion (still câble bound) but have to be small enough to enter entestine but large enough to move correctly

Question 19

Site some further tasks and challenges for VeCtor

Answer 19

Sensors for diagnosis, tissue sampling, interventional actuators, camera and illumination, system integration (packaging and assembly), navigation, regulatory affairs, market survey, approval, clinical trial , reimbursement and training of users.