Blood Pressure Monitoring

Question 1

Describe the pathway of blood flow of the heart.

Answer 1

Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Lungs -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Rest of the Body -> Right Atrium … etc

Question 2

Define the blood pressure.

Answer 2

The force exerted by circulating blood upon walls of blood vessels.

Question 3

Define “Systolic” and attribute it a value

Answer 3

Pressure in the arteries when heart beats (contracted muscle) - 100 to 140 mmHg at rest

Question 4

Define “Diastolic” and attribute it a value

Answer 4

Pressure in the arteries between heart beats (released muscle) - 60 to 90 mmHg at rest

Question 5

How to interpretate the blood pressure ?

Answer 5

It depens on the ratio between systolic and diastolic measurement in mmHg.

Question 6

What is a normal BP ?

Answer 6

Ideally between 120/80 mmHg.

Question 7

How to call a low BP rate ?

Answer 7

Hypotension

Question 8

How to call a high BP rate ?

Answer 8

Hypertension

Question 9

What is the risk linked to an hypertension ?

Answer 9

brain (stoke), heart attack or heart failure, aorta swelling, eyes issues, kidney issues.

Question 10

Site non invasive methods for blood pressure measurement and monitoring.

Answer 10

Palpation, ausculatory, and oscillations methods.

Question 11

Site invasive methods for blood pressure measurement and monitoring.

Answer 11

Intravascular cannula, implantable pressure sensor.

Question 12

Describe the palpation method.

Answer 12

You use a pressure sphyngmomanometer cuff and feel the pulse in the vein of the wrist. With this method you can only determine the systolic value (when there is a pulse), not the diastolic value.

Question 13

Describe the auscultatory method.

Answer 13

You have a stethoscope and a sphyngomomameter pressurize cuff that occlude artery and release the pressure slowly. This is the most common used BP measurement.

Question 14

Define the principle of the oscilliometric method

Answer 14

You have a cuff, you have to tighten it and then slowly release it.The pressure in cuff shows a significant reducing of the pressure with small waves at each heart beat. The mean arterial pressure will be determinated offline (it corresponds to thhe maximum pressure amplitude in cuff).
It calcules both the systolic and the diastolic pressure. Different components are needed (Amp, AD converter is analog to digital converter, CPU it is a central process unit, it means it execute instructions following a computer program).

Question 15

What’s the calculation for the MAP

Answer 15

Pdias + (1/3)(Psys-Pdias).

Question 16

What is the principle of the intravascular cannula ?

Answer 16

Cannula is inserted into a arteria ( generaly radial one)and connected to fluid-filled system with a pressure sensor. witht his method the blood pressure is constantly measured.

Question 17

What is the principle of invasive implantable BP monitoring ?

Answer 17

It is a fully implantable device that monitor intravascular pressure. It is also wireless and permanent. It is used in hypertension.

Question 18

How the device can measure a change in pressure ?

Answer 18

There is in total two electrodes. One of them lays on a deformable membrane, if the distance between the electrodes change, it is measured.

Question 19

Site one example of implatable BP monitoring

Answer 19

The Intravascular pressure monitoring system with the capsule and transponder chip that can expand to differend levers.

Question 20

In the Intravascular pressure monitoring system what is the principle of the sensors and transponder chip?

Answer 20

The sensor element reads out the pressure on which depends its capacitance. The reference element compensate temperature drift or process deviations.

Question 21

Describe the placement procedure of Intravascular pressure monitoring system.

Answer 21

guiding catheter placed near a branch, the explanding of locking levers (to block the disposal), guiding catheter is removed and then the branch is fixed throu gh the blood flow.

Question 22

What’s the principle of recent cuffless blood pressure measurement ?

Answer 22

It used electrocardiogram, a piezoresistive sensor, a phototransistor and a photoplethysmogram (phototransistor + phototransistor)