Victims of crime

Question 1

United Nations definition

Answer 1

those who have suffered harm through acts or omissions that violate the laws of the state

Question 2

harm

Answer 2

mental
physical
emotional
economic loss
impairment of human rights

Question 3

Nils Christie

Answer 3

victim is socially constructed
the stereotype of victim by the media, public and CJS is a weak innocent blameless individual

Question 4

Miers - positivist victimology

Answer 4

aims to identify the factors that produce patterns
focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence
aims to identify victims who have contributed to their victimisation

Question 5

Positivists studies

Answer 5

sought to identify the social and pyschological characteristics of victims which make them different to non victims

Question 6

Hans Von Vetig

Answer 6

13 characteristics of victims
females, elderly, mentally subnormal

Question 7

Implication of characteristics

Answer 7

victims in some sense invite victimisation by being the kind of person that they are

Question 8

positivist victimology - Martin Wolfgang

Answer 8

studied 588 homicides
26% triggered the events leading to the homicide

Question 9

Evaluation - positivist

Answer 9

importance of victim-offender relationship
ignores wider structural factors influencing victimisation
can easily be seen as victim blaming

Question 10

Critical victimology

Answer 10

based on conflict theories
focuses on structural factors and the states power

Question 11

Structural factors

Answer 11

patriarchy, poverty
places powerless groups at greater risk of victimisation

Question 12

States power

Answer 12

the state have the power to apply or deny the label victim
through the criminal justice system the state can withhold the label

Question 13

Tombs and Whyte

Answer 13

many rape cases - denies the victims the official status of victim

Question 14

Evaluation

Answer 14

disregards the role victims may play in bringing victimisation

valuable for drawing attention to the way the victim status is constructed

Question 15

Class

Answer 15

poorest groups more likely to be victimised
homeless people 12 more likely to have experienced violence

Question 16

Age

Answer 16

younger people more at risk of victimisation
infants under one most at risk of being murdered
The old are also at risk of abuse

Question 17

Ethnicity

Answer 17

minority ethnic groups are at greater risk of victimisation - racially motivated crimes

Question 18

Gender

Answer 18

males are at greater risk of becoming victims to violent attacks
70% of homicide victims are male
women more likely to be victims of dv, sv and stalking

Question 19

Repeat victimisation

Answer 19

if you have been a victim once, you are very likely to be one again

Question 20

Secondary Victimisation

Answer 20

individuals may suffer victimisation by the cjs as well as the impact of the crime

Question 21

Fear of victimisation

Answer 21

crime may create fear of becoming a victim