Crime Control and prevention Flashcards
Ron Clarke - situational crime prevention
pre-emptive approach
relies on reducing opportunities for crime
Features of situational crime prevention
directed at specific crimes
managing or altering the immediate environment
increasing the efforts and risks of committing crime
Target Hardening
locking doors and windows increases the effort that a burglar or thief would need to make
Surveillance increases the likelihood of getting caught
Rational choice theory
criminals act rationally by weighing up the costs and benefits of a crime opportunity before deciding whether to commit
Marcus Felson
Port Authorty Bus Terminal in New York - poorly designed reshaped the environment to reduce crime
replacing large baths with small basins reduced homelessness
Displacement of situational crime prevention
does not reduce crime but instead displaces it
moving away from areas with target hardening to areas where it is softer
Displacement
spatial, temporal, target, tactical, functioning
(moving elsewhere, different time, different victim, different method, different type of crime)
Evaluation - Situational crime prevention
Works to some extent to reduce certain crimes
ignores white collar state crime
assumes criminals make rational calculations
ignores root causes of crime
Wilson and Kelling - Broken Window
various signs of disorder and lack of concern for others that are found in some neighbourhoods
leaving this disorder sends out a signal that no one cares
Neighbourhoods
in these neighbourhoods there is an abscence of formal social control and informal social control
police turn an eye to petty crime
tips the neighbourhood into a spiral of decline
Zero tolerance policing
any disorder must be repaired immediately
police must tackle the slightest sign of disorder within the people
halt neighbourhood decline
Evidence for zerotolerance policing
clean car programme in place in New York subway - cars were taken away if they had graffiti
