Victimology

Question 1

What are the patterns of victimisation?

Answer 1

Class

Age

Ethnicity

Gender

Question 2

What are the three types of victimology?

Answer 2

Positivist

Critical

Impact of victimisation

Question 3

Ao1 Positivist victimology

Answer 3

They identified three features that make some individuals more likely to be victims
Focuses on the interpersonal crimes of violence
And aim to identify victims who have contributed to the own victimisation

For example, victim proneness which are the characteristics that make victims different from and more vulnerable than non-victims an example of this is displaying wealth

And victim precipitation, which is where people are victim because they provoked something For example, starting violence

Question 4

Ao3 Positivist victimology

Answer 4

Ignore situations where victims are unaware of their victimisation and ignores wider structural factors that influence victimisation such as poverty and patriarchy

Question 5

Ao1 critical victimology

Answer 5

This is based on conflict theories
And they look at two elements
This is the structural factors such as patriarchy and poverty that would make some people such as women and the poor at a greater risk of victimisation

And the states power to apply or deny the label of victim
For example, with many rip cases, the victim is denied the official victim status is blamed for their fate

The ideological function of the failure to label people as victims hides the crimes of the powerful and the powerless are more likely to be victimised

Question 6

Ao3 critical victimology

Answer 6

It disregards the role the victims may play in bringing victimisation on themselves through their own choice for example their own offending

However, it draws attention to how victim status is constructed and how this benefits the powerful at the expense of the powerless

Question 7

Ao1 impact of victimisation

Answer 7

Crime may have a serious physical and emotional impact on its victims for example feeling of helplessness, increase security consciousness, and difficulties in social functioning

Crime may create indirect victims for example, friends and relatives

Hate crimes against minorities may create waves of harm which radiates to the whole community not just to the victim

Secondary victimisation is when individuals may suffer further victimisation in the criminal justice system
And the fear of victimisation is when crime may create fear of becoming a victim for example women being more afraid of going out for the fear of attacks

Question 8

Ao3 impact of victimisation

Answer 8

However feminist attacked the emphasis on fear of crime they argued that it focuses on women’s passivity and their psychological state when we should be focusing on their safety for example managing patriarchal violence that they face