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Medical & General Microbiology > Vibrios, cholera and climate change > Flashcards

Vibrios, cholera and climate change Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Different microbes have different optimum

A

Temperatures for growth

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2
Q

Pathogens on and in us have an optimum temperature

A

Near ours, 37 degrees

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3
Q

Changing climates can select for

A

Pathogens that live at higher temperatures

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4
Q

Dangerous pathogens in the oceans can live on

A

Algae

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5
Q

Climate change can cause

A

Algal blooms

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6
Q

Algal blooms can be food (substrates) for

A

Pathogenic bacteria

Causes bacterial proliferation

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7
Q

Climate change can vary algal growth

A
  • Diurnally
  • Seasonally
  • Binanually
  • Longer term globally
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8
Q

The current cholera pandemic (7th) has been ongoing since

A

1961

World’s longest running pandemic

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9
Q

Cholera affects how many people annually?

A

2.9m

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10
Q

Endemic in more than

A

47 countries

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11
Q

In Africa more than

A

40m people live in cholera hot spots

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12
Q

Factors that drive outbreaks:

A
  1. Climate change
  2. Forced migration
  3. Prolonged conflict
  4. Urbanization
  5. Population growth
  6. Poor access to health services
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13
Q

Fundamentally, cholera is a result of a lack of

A

Adequate water and sanitation

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14
Q

More than 2 billion drink from

A

Water sources contaminated with faeces

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15
Q

Cholera is a disease requiring

A

Notification of the WHO

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16
Q

Cases of cholera are published in the

A

Weekly epidemiological record

Actual cases are much higher than recorded cases

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17
Q

A new oral cholera vaccine has been developed

A

And is being used in Yemen (read!)

18
Q

The WHO is attempting to reduce cholera deaths by

A

90% by 2030

19
Q

The most studied group affected by climate change is

A

Vector borne diseases

20
Q

Vector-borne definition

A

Carried by a host

21
Q

Climate change affects the vector as much as the

A

Pathogen

22
Q

Ecological disturbance (eg flooding) can cause

A

Increased human contact with vectors

Due to habitat changes

23
Q

Vibrio haemolyticus causes

A

Bloody diarrhoea

24
Q

Vibrio vulnificus causes

A

Necrotising fasciitis

Responsible for 95% seafood deaths

25
Q

Cholera cases are

A

Seasonal

26
Q

Warm water and zooplankton blooms

A

Are associated with high levels of vibrio cholerae

27
Q

Epidemics coincide with

A

Dry weather and warm water temperatures

28
Q

Temperature regulates the transcription of

A

toxT
gene encoding regulatory protein that transcribes virulence factors including cholera toxin (CT) and toxin coregulated pilus (TCP)

29
Q

toxT

A

regulatory protein involved in transcription of virulence factors including CT and TCP

30
Q

ENSO

A

El nino southern oscillation

Disruption of ocean-atmosphere system in Tropical Pacific every few years, often in december

31
Q

ENSO triggers change in

A

Global weather patterns

32
Q

ENSO effects

A
  1. Trade winds relax in C and E pacific
  2. Reduced upwelling of nutrients and cool water in E pacific (leading to a rise in SST sea surface temps)
  3. Increased rainfall in S USA and Peru
  4. Drought in W Pacific (Aus, Indo)
33
Q

Why does vibrio attach to zooplankton?

A

Zooplankton have chitin in cell walls
Vibrio has a chitinase gene
Vibrio makes a biofilm

34
Q

What does vibrio have that makes it unusual?

A

2 chromosomes

Large and small (genetic plasticity - genes can cause serotypes of cholera)

35
Q

What affects levels of vibrio

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Salinity
  3. Sunlight
  4. pH
  5. Fe3+
  6. Algal growth
  7. Chitin
36
Q

There is a correlation between

A

Sea surface temperature, sea surface height and cholera

37
Q

Predicative microbiology used SST, flooding, monsoons and other indicators to

A

Predict cholera outbreaks

38
Q

Predictive microbiology allows

A

The mobilisation of aid to affected areas

39
Q

Cholera is naturally present in

A

Warm brackish environments

40
Q

Association between cholera and

A

Copepods (small sea creatures)

Bacteria concentrated on the exoskeleton and gut of zooplankton

41
Q

Cholera is more prevalent when a

A

Copepod bloom occurs

Filtering can reduce cases

Medical & General Microbiology (24 decks)

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