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Medical & General Microbiology > The Adaptive Immune Response > Flashcards

The Adaptive Immune Response Flashcards

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1
Q

The adaptive immune system

A
  1. Specific to antigen
  2. Lag time from exposure to response
  3. Immunological memory after exposure
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2
Q

Humoral adaptive immunity

A

Antibodies, Cytokines

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3
Q

Cellular adaptive immunity

A

T cells, B cells

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4
Q

Following destruction of an ingested microbe

A

Phagocytes, especially macrophages, act as antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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5
Q

APCs

A

Antigen presenting cells

Macrophages

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6
Q

Antigen presentation steps

A
  1. Phagocyte engulfs a bacterium
  2. Antigens go to the surface of the phagocyte
  3. Phagocytes present antigen to helper T-cell
  4. The helper T cell is activated
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7
Q

T helper cells develop in the

A

Thymus

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8
Q

T helper cells

A

Help the activity of other immune cells by releasing T cell cytokines

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9
Q

Cytokines/interleukins

A

Small molecules important in cell signalling

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10
Q

Antigen presenting phagocytes are the interplay between the

A

Adaptive and Innate immune responses

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11
Q

CD (X) T cells

A

Clusters of differentiation

Differing surface markers on different T cells

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12
Q

Tri molecular complex

A

T cell+antigen+peptide
Interaction of the T cell with the antigen presenting cell via a peptide
The peptide is from the antigen presenting cell and is presented in the context of MHC molecules

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13
Q

MHCs

A

Major histo-compatibility complexes

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14
Q

MHCs are

A

Cell surface proteins on antigen presenting cells that will present antigens to the adaptive immune response. Enables T cells to recognize foreign antigens
‘Little nests’

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15
Q

T cell receptors recognize the peptide in conjunction with

A

The MHC molecule

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16
Q

Products of phagocyte digestion include

A

The antigen peptide, but also lipids and carbohydrates (phospholipids and peptidoglycan)

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17
Q

CD1 proteins

A

Lipid and carbohydrate presenting protein (glycolipids)

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18
Q

CD1 proteins have

A

Structural homology to MHC proteins

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19
Q

CD8+ T cells are

A

Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

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20
Q

CD8+ T cells recognise

A

Bacterial proteins in the cytosol or nucleus

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21
Q

Cytoplasmic bacteria (not in a vacuole) secrete

A

Proteins

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22
Q

After digestion in the proteosome, bacterial proteins are transported to the

A

ER

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23
Q

The antigens are loaded in the ER onto

A

MHC class I molecules with co-molecule beta 2-microglobulin and presented

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24
Q

Mice that are beta 2-globulin deficient they are

A

Much more susceptible to tuberculosis

shows that cytotoxic cd8 T cells are crucial in the control of TB

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25
Without beta 2-globulin
The tri molecular complex does not form | CD8 T cells cannot mediate effect on the antigen presenting cell
26
How do cytotoxic T cells kill these cells?
Recognition antigen presented by MHC + beta 2 globulin | CD8 T cells are activated to produce Memory T cells and Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
27
Examples of antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells, macrophages
28
On recognition of an antigen presenting cell, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Produce granules that have Perforins and Granzymes in them
29
Lymphocyte
A small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system
30
Perforins
Pore forming cytolytic proteins found in the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Natural Killer cells (NK cells) Perforin binds to the target cell's plasma membrane, and reacts in a Ca2+ dependent manner forming pores on the target cell
31
Granzymes
Serine proteases released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells They induce apoptosis in the target cell
32
Cytotxic T lymphocytes deliver
Granzymes, via perforins, into the infected cell
33
The two major killing systems of cytotoxic t lymphocytes are
Perforin and CD95
34
The perforin killing pathway
Delivery of cytoplasmic granules that fuse with the membrane of the APC Formation of pores that allow granzyme entry Induces apoptosis
35
The CD95 killing pathway
FasL (cell surface protein) ligand on cytotoxic t lymphocyte binds to the Fas receptor on the APC Inducing apoptosis
36
Fas receptor
Is a death receptor on the surface of cells that leads to apoptosis
37
Granzymes can
Kill bacteria directly
38
Apoptosis is preferable to
Cell lysis
39
Cell lysis (necrosis) causes
Unregulated release of cell debris into the extracellular space Phagocytes struggle to locate and eliminate by products
40
In the apoptotic pathway
Macrophages can take up cell debris more easily
41
CD4 T cells
T helper cells
42
CD8 T cells can induce apoptosis via (2)
Perforins and CD95
43
CD4 T helper cells produce
Cytokines
44
T helper cells (28!) are classified by the type of
Cytokines they produce
45
CD4 T helper cells recognise
Antigen presented by MHCII
46
Difference between recognition between CD8 and CD4 cells?
In CD4 T helper cells, there is no beta 2-globulin involved with MHC molecuels
47
MHCII molecules are made of
Two polypeptides
48
MHCII molecules present antigens
From the phagosome | Slightly longer than those presented by MHCI
49
MHCI is recognised by
CD8 T lymphocytes (+ beta 2 globulin)
50
MHCII is recognised by
CD4 T helper cells (NO beta 2 globulin)
51
What is needed in addition to the MHC/antigen/T cell receptor complex?
``` Co receptors (cytokines, interleukins) ```
52
Interleukins promote
Development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and hematopoietic (bone marrow stem) cells
53
B cells originate in the
Bone marrow
54
What do B cells do?
Produce antibodies
55
B cells can also serve as
Antigen presenting cells
56
When B cells present antigen in an MHC molecule, it is recognised by
CD4 T cell with a co receptor | Enables the B cell to proliferate into a plasma cell and produce antibodies
57
Links between innate and adaptive immune systems
CD4 T cell interaction with antigen presenting B cells (B cells then become plasma cells and produce antibdies) Antigen presenting phagocytes to CD8 T lymphocytes
58
A correlate of protection
Measurable signs that a person is immune
59
Innate immunity can be inadequate due to
Malnutrition
60
Exposure to TB results in either
``` No infection (adequate INNATE immune response) Infection (inadequate INNATE response) ```
61
Infection with TB results in either
``` Active infection (inadequate ADAPTIVE immune response) Latent infection (adequate ADAPTIVE immune response) ```
62
How many people worldwide have latent TB
2 billion
63
Latent TB is where mycobacterium TB is contained in
Granulomas (causes miliary TB)
64
Miliary TB
A form of TB that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the lesions (1–5 mm)
65
Where there is latent TB infection, it can be
Reactivated
66
TB promotes
Formation of granulomas | Favourable for TB growth
67
Stages of TB infection explained
1. TB is inhaled 2. Taken up by a macrophage (innate granuloma) 3. Other phagocytes recruited (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, monocytes) and produce cytokines and interleukins 4. Presence of phagocytes recruits the T cells (immune granuloma) 5. Fibrotic encapsulation of immune cells (chronic granuloma)
68
Stages of TB infection summary
Infection - innate granuloma - immune granuloma - chronic granuloma
69
Caseous granuloma
'cheese like' Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass
70
The efficacy of antibody mediated immunity against a microbe is established by a single or combination of 3 approaches:
1. Passive administration of microbe specific antibody alters the course of infection to benefit the host (e.g. anti serums for toxins) 2. Inverse relationship between presence of microbe specific antibody in host and susceptibility to disease (low antibody levels=lots of disease) 3. Increased susceptibility to disease in hosts with deficit in humoral/B cell immunity TB fulfils none of these criteria
71
Opsonization
An immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by a phagocyte
72
Liquefaction
Break down of the caseous granuloma | Results in active disease
73
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key in the
Cytokine response
74
TNF alpha
A prototype pro inflammatory cytokine produced by TB activated phagocytes
75
IL12
Interleukin 12 | Chemokine produced by phagocytes exposed to TB
76
What do IL12 and IL18 do?
Recruit NK cells

Medical & General Microbiology (24 decks)

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