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Medical & General Microbiology > The Adaptive Immune Response > Flashcards

The Adaptive Immune Response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The adaptive immune system

A
  1. Specific to antigen
  2. Lag time from exposure to response
  3. Immunological memory after exposure
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2
Q

Humoral adaptive immunity

A

Antibodies, Cytokines

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3
Q

Cellular adaptive immunity

A

T cells, B cells

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4
Q

Following destruction of an ingested microbe

A

Phagocytes, especially macrophages, act as antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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5
Q

APCs

A

Antigen presenting cells

Macrophages

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6
Q

Antigen presentation steps

A
  1. Phagocyte engulfs a bacterium
  2. Antigens go to the surface of the phagocyte
  3. Phagocytes present antigen to helper T-cell
  4. The helper T cell is activated
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7
Q

T helper cells develop in the

A

Thymus

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8
Q

T helper cells

A

Help the activity of other immune cells by releasing T cell cytokines

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9
Q

Cytokines/interleukins

A

Small molecules important in cell signalling

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10
Q

Antigen presenting phagocytes are the interplay between the

A

Adaptive and Innate immune responses

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11
Q

CD (X) T cells

A

Clusters of differentiation

Differing surface markers on different T cells

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12
Q

Tri molecular complex

A

T cell+antigen+peptide
Interaction of the T cell with the antigen presenting cell via a peptide
The peptide is from the antigen presenting cell and is presented in the context of MHC molecules

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13
Q

MHCs

A

Major histo-compatibility complexes

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14
Q

MHCs are

A

Cell surface proteins on antigen presenting cells that will present antigens to the adaptive immune response. Enables T cells to recognize foreign antigens
‘Little nests’

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15
Q

T cell receptors recognize the peptide in conjunction with

A

The MHC molecule

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16
Q

Products of phagocyte digestion include

A

The antigen peptide, but also lipids and carbohydrates (phospholipids and peptidoglycan)

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17
Q

CD1 proteins

A

Lipid and carbohydrate presenting protein (glycolipids)

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18
Q

CD1 proteins have

A

Structural homology to MHC proteins

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19
Q

CD8+ T cells are

A

Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

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20
Q

CD8+ T cells recognise

A

Bacterial proteins in the cytosol or nucleus

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21
Q

Cytoplasmic bacteria (not in a vacuole) secrete

A

Proteins

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22
Q

After digestion in the proteosome, bacterial proteins are transported to the

A

ER

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23
Q

The antigens are loaded in the ER onto

A

MHC class I molecules with co-molecule beta 2-microglobulin and presented

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24
Q

Mice that are beta 2-globulin deficient they are

A

Much more susceptible to tuberculosis

shows that cytotoxic cd8 T cells are crucial in the control of TB

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25
Q

Without beta 2-globulin

A

The tri molecular complex does not form

CD8 T cells cannot mediate effect on the antigen presenting cell

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26
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill these cells?

A

Recognition antigen presented by MHC + beta 2 globulin

CD8 T cells are activated to produce Memory T cells and Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

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27
Q

Examples of antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages

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28
Q

On recognition of an antigen presenting cell, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

Produce granules that have Perforins and Granzymes in them

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29
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system

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30
Q

Perforins

A

Pore forming cytolytic proteins found in the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
Perforin binds to the target cell’s plasma membrane, and reacts in a Ca2+ dependent manner forming pores on the target cell

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31
Q

Granzymes

A

Serine proteases released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells
They induce apoptosis in the target cell

32
Q

Cytotxic T lymphocytes deliver

A

Granzymes, via perforins, into the infected cell

33
Q

The two major killing systems of cytotoxic t lymphocytes are

A

Perforin and CD95

34
Q

The perforin killing pathway

A

Delivery of cytoplasmic granules that fuse with the membrane of the APC
Formation of pores that allow granzyme entry
Induces apoptosis

35
Q

The CD95 killing pathway

A

FasL (cell surface protein) ligand on cytotoxic t lymphocyte binds to the Fas receptor on the APC
Inducing apoptosis

36
Q

Fas receptor

A

Is a death receptor on the surface of cells that leads to apoptosis

37
Q

Granzymes can

A

Kill bacteria directly

38
Q

Apoptosis is preferable to

A

Cell lysis

39
Q

Cell lysis (necrosis) causes

A

Unregulated release of cell debris into the extracellular space
Phagocytes struggle to locate and eliminate by products

40
Q

In the apoptotic pathway

A

Macrophages can take up cell debris more easily

41
Q

CD4 T cells

A

T helper cells

42
Q

CD8 T cells can induce apoptosis via (2)

A

Perforins and CD95

43
Q

CD4 T helper cells produce

A

Cytokines

44
Q

T helper cells (28!) are classified by the type of

A

Cytokines they produce

45
Q

CD4 T helper cells recognise

A

Antigen presented by MHCII

46
Q

Difference between recognition between CD8 and CD4 cells?

A

In CD4 T helper cells, there is no beta 2-globulin involved with MHC molecuels

47
Q

MHCII molecules are made of

A

Two polypeptides

48
Q

MHCII molecules present antigens

A

From the phagosome

Slightly longer than those presented by MHCI

49
Q

MHCI is recognised by

A

CD8 T lymphocytes (+ beta 2 globulin)

50
Q

MHCII is recognised by

A

CD4 T helper cells (NO beta 2 globulin)

51
Q

What is needed in addition to the MHC/antigen/T cell receptor complex?

A 
Co receptors 
(cytokines, interleukins)
52
Q

Interleukins promote

A

Development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and hematopoietic (bone marrow stem) cells

53
Q

B cells originate in the

A

Bone marrow

54
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Produce antibodies

55
Q

B cells can also serve as

A

Antigen presenting cells

56
Q

When B cells present antigen in an MHC molecule, it is recognised by

A

CD4 T cell with a co receptor

Enables the B cell to proliferate into a plasma cell and produce antibodies

57
Q

Links between innate and adaptive immune systems

A

CD4 T cell interaction with antigen presenting B cells (B cells then become plasma cells and produce antibdies)

Antigen presenting phagocytes to CD8 T lymphocytes

58
Q

A correlate of protection

A

Measurable signs that a person is immune

59
Q

Innate immunity can be inadequate due to

A

Malnutrition

60
Q

Exposure to TB results in either

A 
No infection (adequate INNATE immune response)
Infection (inadequate INNATE response)
61
Q

Infection with TB results in either

A 
Active infection (inadequate ADAPTIVE immune response)
Latent infection (adequate ADAPTIVE immune response)
62
Q

How many people worldwide have latent TB

A

2 billion

63
Q

Latent TB is where mycobacterium TB is contained in

A

Granulomas (causes miliary TB)

64
Q

Miliary TB

A

A form of TB that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the lesions (1–5 mm)

65
Q

Where there is latent TB infection, it can be

A

Reactivated

66
Q

TB promotes

A

Formation of granulomas

Favourable for TB growth

67
Q

Stages of TB infection explained

A
  1. TB is inhaled
  2. Taken up by a macrophage (innate granuloma)
  3. Other phagocytes recruited (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, monocytes) and produce cytokines and interleukins
  4. Presence of phagocytes recruits the T cells (immune granuloma)
  5. Fibrotic encapsulation of immune cells (chronic granuloma)
68
Q

Stages of TB infection summary

A

Infection - innate granuloma - immune granuloma - chronic granuloma

69
Q

Caseous granuloma

A

‘cheese like’
Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance
The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass

70
Q

The efficacy of antibody mediated immunity against a microbe is established by a single or combination of 3 approaches:

A
  1. Passive administration of microbe specific antibody alters the course of infection to benefit the host (e.g. anti serums for toxins)
  2. Inverse relationship between presence of microbe specific antibody in host and susceptibility to disease (low antibody levels=lots of disease)
  3. Increased susceptibility to disease in hosts with deficit in humoral/B cell immunity

TB fulfils none of these criteria

71
Q

Opsonization

A

An immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by a phagocyte

72
Q

Liquefaction

A

Break down of the caseous granuloma

Results in active disease

73
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key in the

A

Cytokine response

74
Q

TNF alpha

A

A prototype pro inflammatory cytokine produced by TB activated phagocytes

75
Q

IL12

A

Interleukin 12

Chemokine produced by phagocytes exposed to TB

76
Q

What do IL12 and IL18 do?

A

Recruit NK cells

Medical & General Microbiology (24 decks)

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