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Medical & General Microbiology > The Innate Immune Response > Flashcards

The Innate Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity is (3)

A
  1. Non specific
  2. Immediately responsive
  3. No immunological memory
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2
Q

Adaptive immunity is (3)

A
  1. Antigen specific
  2. Lag time from exposure
  3. Immunological memory
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3
Q

Types of innate immunity (2)

A
  1. Humoral

2. Cellular

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4
Q

Types of adaptive immunity (2)

A
  1. Humoral

2. Cellular

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5
Q

Innate humoral immunity

A

Enzymes, cytokines

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6
Q

Innate cellular immunity

A

Phagocytes, NKCs, Pattern receptors

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7
Q

Macrophage

A 
'big eater'
Leukocyte, phagocyte formed from a monocyte
Formed in the bone marrow
Found in blood and tissue
Lesser numbers but long lived
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8
Q

Neutrophil

A

Leukocyte, granulocyte
Formed in the bone marrow
Found in blood
Numerous, short lived

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9
Q

Two examples of white blood cells that are not circulatory

A

Alveolar macrophages

M (microfold) cells

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10
Q

M cells are found in

A

GALT, MALT

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11
Q

M cells take up antigen and

A

Present it to the macrophages

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12
Q

Professional phagocytes (5)

A 
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Tissue dendritic cells
Mast cells
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13
Q

Tissue dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cells derived from monocytes

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14
Q

Mast cells

A

Leukocyte that releases inflammatory mediators

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15
Q

Phagolysosome

A

A cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome
Destroys bacteria

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16
Q

3 types of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A
  1. Phagocytosis mediators
  2. Inflammatory signal transduction initiators
  3. PRRs that do both
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17
Q

The mannose receptor

A

Is a PRR that mediates phagocytosis but does not initiate an inflammatory response

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18
Q

TB exploits the mannose receptors

A

to uptake TB but does not fuse to the phagolysosome

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19
Q

The phagosome maturation pathway

A

Early endosome&raquo_space; Late endosome&raquo_space; LE+Lysosome&raquo_space; Phagosome

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20
Q

Some bacteria have evolved

A

Strategies to survive within the macrophage

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21
Q

Examples of bacteria able to survive within a macrophage

A
  1. L. pneumopholis
  2. S. typhimurium
  3. F. tularensis
  4. M. tuberculosis
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22
Q

TLRs

A

Toll Like Receptors
Single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes
On the cell surface

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23
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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24
Q

NLRs

A

Nod Like Receptors
Intracellular PRRs
Recognises key constituents of peptidoglycan (muramyl dipeptide and diaminopimelic acid)

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25
TLR2
Dimerises, can link up with TLR1 and TLR6 | Recognises vast array of bacterial and fungal lipoproteins glycoproteins
26
TLR4 recognises
LPS on G-ve
27
TLR5 recognises
Flagellin
28
NLRs contain a
a NOD domain and LRRs | nucleotide binding oligomerization domain)(leucine rich repeats
29
TLRs and NLRs are
Immune sensing molecules | Activates the immune cell
30
When the immune cell is activated, it produces
Cytokines
31
Cytokines
Cell signalling molecules Immunomodulating agents Control host responses to infection, immune responses, inflammation, trauma, sepsis and cancer
32
Ways in which bacteria counteract recognition and killing? (5)
1. Escape into the cytoplasm from the vacuole (Listeria) 2. Secreting proteins (Salmonella) 3. Destruction and lysis of host cell (Shigella) 4. Inhibition of phagolysosome fusion (TB) 5. Repression of autophagy (Shigella)
33
Intracellular pathogens use
Actin based motility: 'rocketing' into neighbouring cells
34
Listerialysin O (LLO)
Pore forming toxin produced by Listeria | Cholesterol dependent cytolysin (CDC) so only breaks down host cell membranes, not its own
35
Phospholipase
An enzyme that breaks down phospholipids | produced by Listeria
36
Example of a bacteria that evades destruction by escaping into the cytoplasm
Listeria
37
Example of a bacteria that evades destruction by secreting proteins
Salmonella
38
Type III secretion system
Molecular syringe in Salmonella Produces SPi-2 effectors that facilitate replication of Salmonella in the acidified vacuole (before it fuses with the lysosome)
39
SPi-2 effectors
Secreted proteins that enable Salmonella to replicate inside the cell
40
Salmonella exploits recognition by TLRs
To get a protective vacuole around itself This triggers the Type III secretion system that facilitates its growth "Trojan Horse"
41
SCV
Salmonella containing vacuole
42
SPi-2 effectors work by (4)
1. Maintaining the SCV 2. Localising the SCV near the host Golgi 3. Modulating host cytoskeleton 4. Interfere with immune signalling
43
Shigella and Salmonella have
Type III secretion systems
44
Type III secretion systems are found in
Gram negative bacteria
45
Example of bacteria that destroy and lyse host cell
Shigella
46
Shigella destroys
Macrophages
47
When a macrophage is destroyed, bacteria are released and
Invade epithelial cells from the basolateral side | Actin based motility
48
T3SS effectors
Produced by Shigella | Recognised by NLRs
49
Ipaf
The NLR that recognises Shigella
50
Ipaf causes
Pyroptosis
51
Pyroptosis
Cell 'popping' (necrotic cell death with rapid membrane rupture) A highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that occurs upon infection with intracellular pathogens Immune cells recognise foreign antigens within themselves, release pro-inflammatory cytokines, swell, burst and die
52
TB survives inside the cell because it prevents
Acidification of the phagosome
53
TB prevents acidification of the phagosome by
Preventing recruitment of vacuolar ATPases that normally pump H+ into the vacuole to acidify it
54
Which bacteria causes inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolases in the cell?
TB
55
Autophagy
Recognition and orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components (cytoplasm, organelles and proteins) Targets misfolded proteins
56
Prion
Proteinacous Infectious Particle | A misfolded protein that causes fatal neurodegenerative disease
57
Ubiquitin
Is a tag that is attached to cell components designated for autophagy in the proteosome
58
What fuses with the autophagosome
The lysosome
59
When the lysosome fuses with the autophagosome it is called
The autolysosome
60
The lysosome contains
Hydrolases
61
ATG genes
Genes responsible for Autophagy
62
Stages of autophagy (4)
1. Isolation membrane forms 2. Isolation membrane folds to form double membraned autophagosome 3. Outer membrane of autophagosome fuses with lysosome to form autolysosome 4. Cell components are degraded
63
Xenophagy
Autophagy against pathogens
64
Mitophagy
Autophagy against mitochondria
65
Aggrephagy
Autophagy against protein aggregates
66
LC3
Central protein in the autophagy pathway where it functions in autophagy substrate selection and autophagosome biogenesis Also LAP
67
Polyubiquination is a tag for
Protein degradation through proteasome and autophagy
68
Membrane remnants from Shigella escape from phagosome trigger
Autophagy
69
IcsB
Intracellular spread B Type III effector produced by Shigella Represses autophagy
70
What does IcsB do
Repress autophagy
71
LC3 and Ubiquitin are classic signals of
Autophagy
72
Membrane fragments ruptured by Lysterialysin O (LLO)
Recruit autophagy machinery
73
LC3 Associated Phagocytosis (LAP)
Bacterial replication inside the LC3 phagosome (hijacking of the phagosome)
74
SLAPs
Spacious Listeria Accomodating Phagosomes
75
SLAPs are characteristic of
Persistent infections
76
Burkholderia psudomallei (3)
1. Escapes from phagosome using Type III secretion system 2. Uses actin polymerisation to escape the cell 3. Replicates inside a LC3 phagosome
77
Autophagosomes have a
Double membrane

Medical & General Microbiology (24 decks)

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