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Medical & General Microbiology > The Innate Immune Response > Flashcards

The Innate Immune Response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Innate immunity is (3)

A
  1. Non specific
  2. Immediately responsive
  3. No immunological memory
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2
Q

Adaptive immunity is (3)

A
  1. Antigen specific
  2. Lag time from exposure
  3. Immunological memory
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3
Q

Types of innate immunity (2)

A
  1. Humoral

2. Cellular

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4
Q

Types of adaptive immunity (2)

A
  1. Humoral

2. Cellular

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5
Q

Innate humoral immunity

A

Enzymes, cytokines

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6
Q

Innate cellular immunity

A

Phagocytes, NKCs, Pattern receptors

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7
Q

Macrophage

A 
'big eater'
Leukocyte, phagocyte formed from a monocyte
Formed in the bone marrow
Found in blood and tissue
Lesser numbers but long lived
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8
Q

Neutrophil

A

Leukocyte, granulocyte
Formed in the bone marrow
Found in blood
Numerous, short lived

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9
Q

Two examples of white blood cells that are not circulatory

A

Alveolar macrophages

M (microfold) cells

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10
Q

M cells are found in

A

GALT, MALT

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11
Q

M cells take up antigen and

A

Present it to the macrophages

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12
Q

Professional phagocytes (5)

A 
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Tissue dendritic cells
Mast cells
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13
Q

Tissue dendritic cells

A

Antigen presenting cells derived from monocytes

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14
Q

Mast cells

A

Leukocyte that releases inflammatory mediators

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15
Q

Phagolysosome

A

A cytoplasmic body formed by the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome
Destroys bacteria

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16
Q

3 types of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

A
  1. Phagocytosis mediators
  2. Inflammatory signal transduction initiators
  3. PRRs that do both
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17
Q

The mannose receptor

A

Is a PRR that mediates phagocytosis but does not initiate an inflammatory response

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18
Q

TB exploits the mannose receptors

A

to uptake TB but does not fuse to the phagolysosome

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19
Q

The phagosome maturation pathway

A

Early endosome&raquo_space; Late endosome&raquo_space; LE+Lysosome&raquo_space; Phagosome

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20
Q

Some bacteria have evolved

A

Strategies to survive within the macrophage

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21
Q

Examples of bacteria able to survive within a macrophage

A
  1. L. pneumopholis
  2. S. typhimurium
  3. F. tularensis
  4. M. tuberculosis
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22
Q

TLRs

A

Toll Like Receptors
Single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes
On the cell surface

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23
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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24
Q

NLRs

A

Nod Like Receptors
Intracellular PRRs
Recognises key constituents of peptidoglycan (muramyl dipeptide and diaminopimelic acid)

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25
Q

TLR2

A

Dimerises, can link up with TLR1 and TLR6

Recognises vast array of bacterial and fungal lipoproteins glycoproteins

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26
Q

TLR4 recognises

A

LPS on G-ve

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27
Q

TLR5 recognises

A

Flagellin

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28
Q

NLRs contain a

A

a NOD domain and LRRs

nucleotide binding oligomerization domain)(leucine rich repeats

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29
Q

TLRs and NLRs are

A

Immune sensing molecules

Activates the immune cell

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30
Q

When the immune cell is activated, it produces

A

Cytokines

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31
Q

Cytokines

A

Cell signalling molecules
Immunomodulating agents
Control host responses to infection, immune responses, inflammation, trauma, sepsis and cancer

32
Q

Ways in which bacteria counteract recognition and killing? (5)

A
  1. Escape into the cytoplasm from the vacuole (Listeria)
  2. Secreting proteins (Salmonella)
  3. Destruction and lysis of host cell (Shigella)
  4. Inhibition of phagolysosome fusion (TB)
  5. Repression of autophagy (Shigella)
33
Q

Intracellular pathogens use

A

Actin based motility: ‘rocketing’ into neighbouring cells

34
Q

Listerialysin O (LLO)

A

Pore forming toxin produced by Listeria

Cholesterol dependent cytolysin (CDC) so only breaks down host cell membranes, not its own

35
Q

Phospholipase

A

An enzyme that breaks down phospholipids

produced by Listeria

36
Q

Example of a bacteria that evades destruction by escaping into the cytoplasm

A

Listeria

37
Q

Example of a bacteria that evades destruction by secreting proteins

A

Salmonella

38
Q

Type III secretion system

A

Molecular syringe in Salmonella
Produces SPi-2 effectors that facilitate replication of Salmonella in the acidified vacuole (before it fuses with the lysosome)

39
Q

SPi-2 effectors

A

Secreted proteins that enable Salmonella to replicate inside the cell

40
Q

Salmonella exploits recognition by TLRs

A

To get a protective vacuole around itself
This triggers the Type III secretion system that facilitates its growth
“Trojan Horse”

41
Q

SCV

A

Salmonella containing vacuole

42
Q

SPi-2 effectors work by (4)

A
  1. Maintaining the SCV
  2. Localising the SCV near the host Golgi
  3. Modulating host cytoskeleton
  4. Interfere with immune signalling
43
Q

Shigella and Salmonella have

A

Type III secretion systems

44
Q

Type III secretion systems are found in

A

Gram negative bacteria

45
Q

Example of bacteria that destroy and lyse host cell

A

Shigella

46
Q

Shigella destroys

A

Macrophages

47
Q

When a macrophage is destroyed, bacteria are released and

A

Invade epithelial cells from the basolateral side

Actin based motility

48
Q

T3SS effectors

A

Produced by Shigella

Recognised by NLRs

49
Q

Ipaf

A

The NLR that recognises Shigella

50
Q

Ipaf causes

A

Pyroptosis

51
Q

Pyroptosis

A

Cell ‘popping’
(necrotic cell death with rapid membrane rupture)
A highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that occurs upon infection with intracellular pathogens
Immune cells recognise foreign antigens within themselves, release pro-inflammatory cytokines, swell, burst and die

52
Q

TB survives inside the cell because it prevents

A

Acidification of the phagosome

53
Q

TB prevents acidification of the phagosome by

A

Preventing recruitment of vacuolar ATPases that normally pump H+ into the vacuole to acidify it

54
Q

Which bacteria causes inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolases in the cell?

A

TB

55
Q

Autophagy

A

Recognition and orderly degradation and recycling of cellular components (cytoplasm, organelles and proteins)
Targets misfolded proteins

56
Q

Prion

A

Proteinacous Infectious Particle

A misfolded protein that causes fatal neurodegenerative disease

57
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Is a tag that is attached to cell components designated for autophagy in the proteosome

58
Q

What fuses with the autophagosome

A

The lysosome

59
Q

When the lysosome fuses with the autophagosome it is called

A

The autolysosome

60
Q

The lysosome contains

A

Hydrolases

61
Q

ATG genes

A

Genes responsible for Autophagy

62
Q

Stages of autophagy (4)

A
  1. Isolation membrane forms
  2. Isolation membrane folds to form double membraned autophagosome
  3. Outer membrane of autophagosome fuses with lysosome to form autolysosome
  4. Cell components are degraded
63
Q

Xenophagy

A

Autophagy against pathogens

64
Q

Mitophagy

A

Autophagy against mitochondria

65
Q

Aggrephagy

A

Autophagy against protein aggregates

66
Q

LC3

A

Central protein in the autophagy pathway where it functions in autophagy substrate selection and autophagosome biogenesis
Also LAP

67
Q

Polyubiquination is a tag for

A

Protein degradation through proteasome and autophagy

68
Q

Membrane remnants from Shigella escape from phagosome trigger

A

Autophagy

69
Q

IcsB

A

Intracellular spread B
Type III effector produced by Shigella
Represses autophagy

70
Q

What does IcsB do

A

Repress autophagy

71
Q

LC3 and Ubiquitin are classic signals of

A

Autophagy

72
Q

Membrane fragments ruptured by Lysterialysin O (LLO)

A

Recruit autophagy machinery

73
Q

LC3 Associated Phagocytosis (LAP)

A

Bacterial replication inside the LC3 phagosome (hijacking of the phagosome)

74
Q

SLAPs

A

Spacious Listeria Accomodating Phagosomes

75
Q

SLAPs are characteristic of

A

Persistent infections

76
Q

Burkholderia psudomallei (3)

A
  1. Escapes from phagosome using Type III secretion system
  2. Uses actin polymerisation to escape the cell
  3. Replicates inside a LC3 phagosome
77
Q

Autophagosomes have a

A

Double membrane

Medical & General Microbiology (24 decks)

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