Vaccines and Vaccinology

Question 1

Edward Jenner invented vaccination in

Answer 1

1796 (smallpox)

Question 2

Vaccines in use today

Answer 2

Human

Animal - livestock, pets, fish, wild animals (foxes immunised against rabies)

Question 3

Wild animals can be immunised against

Answer 3

Rabies

Question 4

Effective human vaccines

Answer 4

Diptheria
Polio
Measles

Question 5

SSPE

Answer 5

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Progressive caused by the measles virus

Question 6

How many lives have vaccines saved in the last 20 year?

Answer 6

20 million

Question 7

Smallpox once killed

Answer 7

5 million/year

Now eradicated

Question 8

2 million more lives per year could be saved if

Answer 8

Vaccine programmes were extended to all countries

Question 9

Polio will be the next infectious disease to be

Answer 9

Eradicated

Question 10

Infection with some infectious diseases does not

Answer 10

Prevent re infection

Question 11

Examples of diseases with naturally acquired immunity

Answer 11

Polio, smallpox, influenza, plague, anthrax, pertussis

Question 12

Diseases that you can become immune to are good

Answer 12

Vaccine candidates

Question 13

Diseases with no natural immunity are poor

Answer 13

Vaccine candidates

Question 14

Examples of diseases with no naturally acquired immunity

Answer 14

HIV, malaria, TB, gonhorrea, schistosomiasis

Question 15

Vaccines mimic

Answer 15

Exposure to the disease

Question 16

Immunity to flu is

Answer 16

Strain dependent

Question 17

Protective responses include

Answer 17

Antibodies

Cellular immunity

Question 18

Antibodies

Answer 18

Proteins that circulate in the blood
Able to bind toxins, bacteria and viruses
Neutralise or promote clearance
Produced by B Lymphocytes

Question 19

Cellular immunity

Answer 19

CD4 T cells - manage and manipulate immune response through cytokines
CD8 T cells - specialised cells that kill infected cells

Question 20

A combination of Antibodies and T cells protects against disease

Answer 20

In differing ratios

Therefore different vaccines are needed

Question 21

Types of vaccines

Answer 21

1. Live vaccines
2. Killed vaccines
3. Subunit vaccines
4. Naked DNA vaccines

Question 22

Live vaccines

Answer 22

Microbes that have been modified (weakened) so they can infect but not cause disease
Good at inducing immune response
BCG, polio, yellow fever, typhoid, smallpox

Question 23

Killed vaccinies

Answer 23

Killed with heat/formaldehyde
Does not induce very strong responses
Can be reactogenic

Question 24

Subunit vaccines

Answer 24

Protein/polysaccharide fragments
Good for antibodies, not good for T cells
Pure components = few side effects
Diptheria, tetanus, anthrax, plague

Question 25

Naked DNA vaccines

Answer 25

DNA fragment that codes for a protein is injected DNA fragment produced in situ Body recognises as foreign

Question 26

Why are live vaccines less popular?

Answer 26

Live polio vaccine: Reversion can occur Switch from attenuated to a live disease causing microbe

Question 27

Live polio vaccine

Answer 27

Live polio vaccine generated in the lab by culturing cells Reason for attenuation not known at the time of creation of the vaccine Once RNA analysis occurred, showed vaccine strain contains 57 mutations Most critical mutation: Primary attenuating mutation is located in the virus's internal ribosome entry site

Question 28

Reversion of live polio vaccine

Answer 28

Outbreak of polio in 1999 in Hispanolia

Question 29

Strains isolated from faeces of immunised infants

Answer 29

Showed partial or complete reversion to virulence | 'Shedding'

Question 30

Live vaccines can

Answer 30

Shed | Dangerous for immuno compromised

Question 31

Subunit vaccines are good at

Answer 31

Inducing antibody response

Question 32

Subunit vaccines are not so good at

Answer 32

CD4 T cell (fair) | CD 8 T cell (poor)

Question 33

A subunit vaccine against plague

Answer 33

Current vaccine 'cutter' is a killed whole cell vaccine Very reactogenic, several doses needed Subunit version needs: F1 antigen - forms the capsule V antigen - component of tip of Type III secretion system

Question 34

F1 and V antigen in plague are

Answer 34

Protective subunits

Question 35

F1 and V antigen are grown in E coli using

Answer 35

Genetic engineering

Question 36

Sub unit vaccines can be produced in

Answer 36

Plants

Question 37

F1 and V antigen have been grown in

Answer 37

Tomatoes | eating develops resistance to plague

Question 38

Naked DNA vaccines generate

Answer 38

A broad range of immune responses | Good at antibodies, CD4 and CD8

Question 39

Naked DNA vaccines do not work well

Answer 39

``` In humans (but do in most other mammals) ```

Question 40

Naked DNA vaccines are difficult to

Answer 40

Regulate | ie. how do you switch it off?

Question 41

West Nile Fever vaccine for horses is an example of

Answer 41

Naked DNA vaccine | Vaccine encodes coat protein

Question 42

To be effective against viruses, vaccines need to activate

Answer 42

CD 8 T cells | as phage replicate inside host cells

Question 43

Vaccines for the future

Answer 43

1. Infectious disease (public health, bioterrorism, animals) 2. Cancer (against tumor cell markers, or microbe-associated cancer, eg. HPV) 3. Degenerative diseases 4. To control addictive behaviour