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medical & general microbiology > Vaccines and Vaccinology > Flashcards

Vaccines and Vaccinology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Edward Jenner invented vaccination in

A

1796 (smallpox)

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2
Q

Vaccines in use today

A

Human

Animal - livestock, pets, fish, wild animals (foxes immunised against rabies)

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3
Q

Wild animals can be immunised against

A

Rabies

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4
Q

Effective human vaccines

A

Diptheria
Polio
Measles

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5
Q

SSPE

A

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Progressive caused by the measles virus

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6
Q

How many lives have vaccines saved in the last 20 year?

A

20 million

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7
Q

Smallpox once killed

A

5 million/year

Now eradicated

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8
Q

2 million more lives per year could be saved if

A

Vaccine programmes were extended to all countries

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9
Q

Polio will be the next infectious disease to be

A

Eradicated

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10
Q

Infection with some infectious diseases does not

A

Prevent re infection

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11
Q

Examples of diseases with naturally acquired immunity

A

Polio, smallpox, influenza, plague, anthrax, pertussis

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12
Q

Diseases that you can become immune to are good

A

Vaccine candidates

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13
Q

Diseases with no natural immunity are poor

A

Vaccine candidates

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14
Q

Examples of diseases with no naturally acquired immunity

A

HIV, malaria, TB, gonhorrea, schistosomiasis

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15
Q

Vaccines mimic

A

Exposure to the disease

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16
Q

Immunity to flu is

A

Strain dependent

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17
Q

Protective responses include

A

Antibodies

Cellular immunity

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18
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that circulate in the blood
Able to bind toxins, bacteria and viruses
Neutralise or promote clearance
Produced by B Lymphocytes

19
Q

Cellular immunity

A

CD4 T cells - manage and manipulate immune response through cytokines
CD8 T cells - specialised cells that kill infected cells

20
Q

A combination of Antibodies and T cells protects against disease

A

In differing ratios

Therefore different vaccines are needed

21
Q

Types of vaccines

A
  1. Live vaccines
  2. Killed vaccines
  3. Subunit vaccines
  4. Naked DNA vaccines
22
Q

Live vaccines

A

Microbes that have been modified (weakened) so they can infect but not cause disease
Good at inducing immune response
BCG, polio, yellow fever, typhoid, smallpox

23
Q

Killed vaccinies

A

Killed with heat/formaldehyde
Does not induce very strong responses
Can be reactogenic

24
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

Protein/polysaccharide fragments
Good for antibodies, not good for T cells
Pure components = few side effects
Diptheria, tetanus, anthrax, plague

25
Q

Naked DNA vaccines

A

DNA fragment that codes for a protein is injected
DNA fragment produced in situ
Body recognises as foreign

26
Q

Why are live vaccines less popular?

A

Live polio vaccine:
Reversion can occur
Switch from attenuated to a live disease causing microbe

27
Q

Live polio vaccine

A

Live polio vaccine generated in the lab by culturing cells
Reason for attenuation not known at the time of creation of the vaccine
Once RNA analysis occurred, showed vaccine strain contains 57 mutations
Most critical mutation: Primary attenuating mutation is located in the virus’s internal ribosome entry site

28
Q

Reversion of live polio vaccine

A

Outbreak of polio in 1999 in Hispanolia

29
Q

Strains isolated from faeces of immunised infants

A

Showed partial or complete reversion to virulence

‘Shedding’

30
Q

Live vaccines can

A

Shed

Dangerous for immuno compromised

31
Q

Subunit vaccines are good at

A

Inducing antibody response

32
Q

Subunit vaccines are not so good at

A

CD4 T cell (fair)

CD 8 T cell (poor)

33
Q

A subunit vaccine against plague

A

Current vaccine ‘cutter’ is a killed whole cell vaccine
Very reactogenic, several doses needed

Subunit version needs:
F1 antigen - forms the capsule
V antigen - component of tip of Type III secretion system

34
Q

F1 and V antigen in plague are

A

Protective subunits

35
Q

F1 and V antigen are grown in E coli using

A

Genetic engineering

36
Q

Sub unit vaccines can be produced in

A

Plants

37
Q

F1 and V antigen have been grown in

A

Tomatoes

eating develops resistance to plague

38
Q

Naked DNA vaccines generate

A

A broad range of immune responses

Good at antibodies, CD4 and CD8

39
Q

Naked DNA vaccines do not work well

A 
In humans
(but do in most other mammals)
40
Q

Naked DNA vaccines are difficult to

A

Regulate

ie. how do you switch it off?

41
Q

West Nile Fever vaccine for horses is an example of

A

Naked DNA vaccine

Vaccine encodes coat protein

42
Q

To be effective against viruses, vaccines need to activate

A

CD 8 T cells

as phage replicate inside host cells

43
Q

Vaccines for the future

A
  1. Infectious disease (public health, bioterrorism, animals)
  2. Cancer (against tumor cell markers, or microbe-associated cancer, eg. HPV)
  3. Degenerative diseases
  4. To control addictive behaviour

medical & general microbiology (24 decks)

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