vetgru tenta kap 1-2

Question 1

Acquiring knowledge

Answer 1

tenacity,intuition, authority,rationalism,empircism, science

Question 2

Intuition

Answer 2

simply feeling it or knowing certain things

Question 3

tenacity

Answer 3

willingness to accept ideas without proper reasoning

Question 4

Authority

Answer 4

accepting ideas as valid because they come from an authority

Question 5

rationalism

Answer 5

acquiring knowledge by reasoning and using existing info and following logical rules to deduct new info

Question 6

empiricism(how many?)

Answer 6

gaining knowledge through observation, Naive empiricism, and sophisticated empiricism

Question 7

Science

Answer 7

science brings together empiricism and rationalism

Question 8

goals of science

Answer 8

prediction, explanation , application

Question 9

prediction- goals of science

Answer 9

being able to predict and foretell what will happen

Question 10

causation -goals of science

Answer 10

one step beyond prediction can foretell WHY or HOW something will happen

Question 11

explanation- goals of science

Answer 11

Being able to understand and explain the underlying causes

Question 12

application

Answer 12

Being able to use the knowledge to solve other real-world problems

Question 13

Basic Assumptions of science

Answer 13

1. A physical universe exist
2. There is randomness and thus unpredictability in the universe, but it is primarily an orderly and predictable universe.
3. we can discover the principles of this orderly universe through scientific research.
4. Knowledge of the universe is always incomplete new knowledge will alter current ideas and theories, therefor all assumptions, theories, and knowledge is TENTATIVE

Question 14

facts

Answer 14

The events we can observe directly and repeatedly

Question 15

observation

Answer 15

the empirical process of using ones senses to recognize and recond facts

Question 16

inference

Answer 16

any conclusion drawn on the basis of empirical data and/or theories

Question 17

Constructs

Answer 17

Idea constructed by the researchers to explain observed events

Question 18

Logical interpretation errors

Answer 18

Nominal fallacy, the all-or-none bias, barnum statement, evaluative biases of language

Question 19

Nominal fallacy

Answer 19

Mistaking the name of a phenomenon as an explanation of it.

Question 20

The all-or-none bias

Answer 20

To see a statement as either true or false when in most cases in science things are PROBABILISTIC

Question 21

Barnum statement

Answer 21

A statement that are true for almost all issues, situations, or people. ex; horoscope,physics

Question 22

evaluative biases of language

Answer 22

labeling language use for objective behavior which makes the science non-objective

Question 23

Inductive thinking

Answer 23

“the down-up thinking” from little to big

Question 24

deductive thinking

Answer 24

“the top-down thinking” from big to little

Question 25

Models

Answer 25

A simplified representation of a complex reality of the world

Question 26

theory

Answer 26

collection of ideas about how and why variables are related

Question 27

validity

Answer 27

the "realness of science" how valid is it?

Question 28

Parsimonious theory

Answer 28

simplified theory which explains the data equally well as a normal theory

Question 29

how many Phases of research

Answer 29

7.

Question 30

Name the phases of research

Answer 30

1. Idea generating idea 2. problem-definition phase 3. procedure-design phase 4. observation phase 5. data analysis phase 6. interpretation phase 7. communication phase

Question 31

Levels of constrains - name them(how many)

Answer 31

``` 5 stycken Naturalistc observation case study correlation research differential research experimental research ```

Question 32

Naturalistic observation

Answer 32

observing the participants in their natural environment

Question 33

case study

Answer 33

Observing one person or small group with minimal constraints on behaviour

Question 34

correlational research

Answer 34

The STRENGHT of the relationship between two variables

Question 35

differential research

Answer 35

comparing two or more groups in a same way to see a difference between them

Question 36

experimental research

Answer 36

assigning participants randomly to test them under different conditions