Tenta Antti-ord

Question 1

Characteristics of science

Answer 1

there are 7:
Testability
Falsifiability
Scientific publishing and public criticism
Peer review 
Self-critical attitude
No absolute authority
Self correction

Question 2

Testability

Answer 2

Any statement put forward in science must be intersubjectively testable.

Question 3

Falsifiability

Answer 3

A theory that can explain all imaginable observation is not a scientific theory.

Question 4

Scientific publishing and public criticism

Answer 4

In science, whoever puts forward a statement about some aspect of reality, has the burden of proof to produce convincing evidence to back it up. The strictly controlled evaluation and publishing of new scientific ideas or findings.

Question 5

peer review

Answer 5

The quality control system of scientific publishing

Question 6

Self-critical attitude

Answer 6

Every scientist should be equally critical towards their own pet theories as they are towards competing theories supported by others.

Question 7

No absolute authorities

Answer 7

No person and no authority is above criticism in science.

Question 8

Self-correction

Answer 8

Science is a self-critical open belief system. In constant process of change.

Question 9

Philosophy of science

Answer 9

The science of science, what science tells us about reality. Appearance (what we see) vs reality (what it really is).

Question 10

Scientific Realism

Answer 10

A philosophy of science that tries to answer the questions: “What is science?” and “What does science tell us about reality?”

Question 11

Naive realism

Answer 11

Reality = appenence

Question 12

trepanation

Answer 12

Drilling a hole in the skull

Question 13

atonism

Answer 13

The brain can be divided into anatomically (structure) and physiologically (function) defined parts.

Question 14

Holism

Answer 14

The brain cannot be divided into parts it constitutes one unified network without any clearly defined parts.

Question 15

The cell theory

Answer 15

Living organisms are made up of cells (Schwann). All material objects – atomic constituents. All living tissue – cellular elements as discrete units. But neural tissue – looks like a tangled net in the microscope.

Question 16

The reticular theory

Answer 16

Neural tissue is a vast physically continuous network.

Question 17

The neuron theory

Answer 17

Neurons are individual cells

Question 18

Functional Localizationism

Answer 18

Localizationism and anti-localizationism. That are both partially correct.

Question 19

Localizationism

Answer 19

Mental functions can be localized into different parts of the brain. The brain is a collection of specialized “mental organs”.

Question 20

Anti-localizationism

Answer 20

Different mental functions cannot be localized in different parts of the brain. All of the brain participants in all kinds of mental function, and each mental function activates the whole brain.

Question 21

Cartesian dualism

Answer 21

The soul is beyond science, it belongs in religion

Question 22

phrenology

Answer 22

(Frantz Joseph Gall) The mind is a biological phenomenon that can be studied empirically. Denial of dualism, atomism, functional localization, individual differences. Psychology is a part of science not a part of philosophy. Questionable ideas in phrenology: “The size and mass of brain tissue directly correlates with the strength of a mental capacity.” This led to pseudoscience arguments for racism and nationalism, etc.

Question 23

Lesion localizations

Answer 23

To localize damage in the brain

Question 24

Wernicke’s aphasic

Answer 24

People with damage on a specific area of the temporal lobe made it so that even though they could speak fluently, what they said did not make much sense

Question 25

Broca’s aphasic

Answer 25

The person understand what is said to him but speaks with difficulty, if at all.

Question 26

cognitive science

Answer 26

“Maps of the mind” Functional analysis of the mind.

Question 27

neuroscience

Answer 27

“Maps of the brain” Anatomical/psychological analysis of the brain

Question 28

Functional decompostion

Answer 28

Cognitive psychology: Patterns of normal performance. Measurable aspect of behaviour in a task. Cognitive neuropsychology: Patterns of performance in brain-damaged patients. Interests lays in the pattern of performance to figure out what the patient can still do without difficulty and what kind of tasks have become difficult or perhaps altogether impossible.

Question 29

dissociation

Answer 29

Tells us that the tasks do not have identical mechanisms. When dissecting complex mental tasks into their subcomponents, a researcher can establish a “single dissociation” between functions.

Question 30

Double dissociation

Answer 30

To strengthen a single dissociation, a researcher can establish a “double dissociation”. This is the demonstration that two experimental manipulations each have different effect on two dependent variables; if one manipulation affects the first variable and not the second, the other manipulation affects the second variable and not the first.

Question 31

Structural Brain imaging

Answer 31

CT, CAT (computarized tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) shows only the anatomical structures of the brain. Does not show brain activity or function. No change in the image no matter what the subject is thinking, experiencing, etc, at the mental level.

Question 32

Functional Brain Imaging

Answer 32

PET (positron emission tomography), fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) Detects signals arising from the brain metabolism. PET – blood flow, energy consumption. fMRI – blood oxygen level.

Question 33

Electromagnetic brain-sensing

Answer 33

EEG (Hans Berger), MEG – measures brain electrical activity.

Question 34

Electromagnetic brain stimulation

Answer 34

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), tDCs and tACs (transcranial electrical stimulation), measures brain stimulation.

Question 35

Spatial resolution

Answer 35

Tells us where in the brain something is happening.

Question 36

Temporal resolution

Answer 36

Tells us when something is happening in the brain

Question 37

Truthlikeness

Answer 37

“verisimilitude” (Karl Popper)

Question 38

The cardiocentric view

Answer 38

The heart is the centre of intellectual and perceptual function.

Question 39

The ventricle theory

Answer 39

The brain (not brain tissue) as the seat of the soul and intellect. The intellectual soul is divided into three parts. (Galenos)

Question 40

Neologism

Answer 40

(Wernicke) “word salad”.