veterinary urinalysis Flashcards
the easiest to collect and are often brought in
by owners.
free catch
best sample for analysis
midstream, first-morning collection
can be performed if a free catch
sample is not possible
Bladder expression
involves inserting a rubber catheter into the urethra and feeding it up to the bladder of the patient to collect a sample
Catheterization
- high amount of contamination of cells, bacteria and debris from the genitourinary tract, surrounding fur and the environment
- sample is unsuitable for culture
disadvantages of free catch
- excessive pressure can result in trauma to the patient.
- does not contain sufficient quantities of urine
- same amount of contamination seen as with voided sample
- sample is unsuitable for culture
disadvantages of bladder expression
- increased risk of an iatrogenic infection or trauma
- difficult to perform in female animals
disadvantages of catheterization
another method for collecting a sterile urine sample,
and therefore is appropriate for bacterial culture
Cystocentesis
procedure should only be performed on quiet, easily restrained
animals.
Cystocentesis
- requires adequate volume of urine within the bladder
- may cause microscopic hematuria
disadvantage of Cystocentesis
urine can be preserved up to
6 hours
urine should be examine within
20 minutes
will inhibit bacterial growth, thus
avoiding changes caused by the actions of microbes
freezing
organic solvent that can be used to preserve a urine sample.
Toluene
prevents microbial growth, therefore preserving the cellular
integrity of various structures within the sample.
40% formalin
sample will inhibit bacterial growth.
0.8% boric acid
designed to inhibit microbes and
control the pH of a urine sample, usually for a period of up to 5 days
Commercial preservation tablets
physical examination of urine consists of assessing
- volume
- color
- turbidity
- odor
- specific gravity
An accurate representation of urine volume should be assessed over a
period
24 hours
Normal daily urine output can be calculated using a rate of
1 ml/kg/h
Increased amounts of urine volume
Polyuria
Decreased amounts of urine volume
Oliguria
No urine production
anuria
straw colored
normal
colorless-pale
dilute urine
deep yellow
concentrated urine ; bilirubinuria
orange-red
hematuria, hemoglobinuria
red-brown
myoglobinuria
milky white
pyuria
refers to the
“cloudiness” of urine
Turbidity
increase in turbidity in the
urine can be caused by
cellular elements, crystals, microorganisms, mucous.
The urine of intact male animals, especially cats and goats, is often quite strong and should be
described as such.
strong odor
Ammonia-scented urine can be associated with cystitis. Some species of bacteria metabolize urea
in the urine to ammonia, producing a distinguishing odor.
Ammonia
smelling urine is associated with the degradation of protein. This can occur
during infections, and should be confirmed with further testing
Putrid
Increased ketones present in the urine give off a fruity odor. This odor may also be noticed on the
patient’s breath when they are in a state of ketosis
Fruity
determined by assessing the density of a liquid (in this case, urine)
compared with the density of distilled water
Specific gravity
The SG of the urine is higher than the glomerular filtrate (dogs: >1.030;
cats: >1.035
Hypersthenuria
The SG of the urine is lower than the glomerular filtrate (<1.008).
Hyposthenuria
The SG of the urine is equal to that of the glomerular filtrate (1.008–1.012).
Isosthenuria
term used to describe glucose
glucosuria
available to test for the presence of bilirubin in a urine sample
ictotest tablet
three ketone bodies
acetone, acetoacetic acid beta-hydroxybutyric acid
Most reagent strips are sensitive to _______ acid, less sensitive to ______, and do not detect _____
acetoacetic
acetone
β-hydroxybutyric acid
individual tablet tests for ketones
acetest
Reagent strips are not specific for any particular _____
protein
Leukocytes present in the urine are termed
pyuria
final step of a complete
urinalysis.
sediment examination
examined and evaluated as the average number seen per
low power (10×) field
Casts
evaluated as the average
number seen per high power field (40×).
Red blood cells and white blood cells
examined
under high power (40×), and reported as occasional (1+), few (2+),
moderate (3+), or many (4+).
elements, such as bacteria and crystals
acceptable stool sample
fresh sample
unacceptable sample
samples obtained later from the yard, pen, litter box
a collection of fecal samples obtained
from a group of animals that are housed together
pooled samples
Gross examination
- consistency
- color
- blood
- mucous
- gross parasites
detect parasite ova or
oocysts in the patient’s sample.
microscopic examination.
This technique is particularly
useful for viewing live, motile,
trophozoites.
direct fecal smear
use the differences
in specific gravity of para-site
eggs and cysts from that of fecal
debris and the solution.
simple fecal flotation
common flotation medium
sodium nitrate solution
This technique is more efficient
at recovering parasite ova from a
sample
centrifugation technique
type of centrifuge used
variable angle centrifuhe or horizontal centrifuge
used to
recover parasite larvae, not ova.
baermann technique
Nematodes:
common name
site of infection
roundworm
small intestine
