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Regional surgery > Veterinary Radiology > Flashcards

Veterinary Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

the interaction b/w xrays and photons with the inner shells electrons of an atom it causes emission of electrion-

A

Photoelectric effect

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2
Q

describe compton effect

A

xray photon interacts with the outer orbital electron and imparts some of its energy to the electron causing emission from the outer orbit and the remaining energy of the photon is emitted another direction

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3
Q

parts of an Xray machine

A

xray tube,xray tube stand,collimator,control panel,patient table,grid,bucky,transformer

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4
Q

name the filament in cathode (negative)

A

tungsten

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5
Q

focal spot in present in -

A

cathode (tungsten)

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6
Q

name the two types of anode -

A

stationary and rotatory anode

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7
Q

name the diff transformers-

A
  1. auto transformer
  2. stepdown or filament transformer
  3. high tension transformer
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8
Q

xray production-

A

cathode -electrons are released
anode-the electrons reach the copper anode and the electrons reaching the tungsten focal point will be converted to heat and a small amount will be scattered as xrays

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9
Q

what is characteristic radiation line radiation ?

A

When the projectile electron interacts with the electron in the K shell of the target atom rather than the electron in the outer shell it results in the ejection of electron in the K shell if the energy of the projectile electron exceeds the binding energy of the ejected electron. This results in transient electron
vacancy in the K shell into which an electron from the outer shell or from another atom falls and this process continues till the atom becomes stable. This
shifting of electrons results in emission of X-ray. .photon

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10
Q

/what is bremstraulung radiation or breaking radiation

A

When the projectile electron approaches the nucleus of the atom avoiding the orbital electrons, it slows down, due to the opposite charges, and gets deflected
from its original course. During this the incident electron loses its kinetic energy, due to its slow down, and this loss of kinetic energy is emitted as X-ray
photon.
-The X-ray produced by this type is called bremstrahlung or breaking radiation.

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11
Q

degree of definition of an object on radiograph -

A

Detail

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12
Q

the amount of light absorbed by the exposed film.(degree of blackness) termed as

A

density

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13
Q

the difference in blacks , whites and grays is called as

A

contrast

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14
Q

the effects of radiation includes-

A
  1. somatic effect

2. genetic effect

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15
Q

describe radiolysis-

A

it results in formation of free radicle along with e. the free radical fuse to form h2o2(mutagenic)

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16
Q

name the cells that are radioresistant-

A

nerves and mucles

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17
Q

name the most radiosenitive cell-

A

lymphoid cell

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18
Q

name the least radio sensitive cell

A

cells of skeletal m and mature bones

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19
Q

what are the early effect of radiation

A
  1. killing of cell and acute radiation and sickness
  2. severe luekopenia
  3. severe lymphopenia
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20
Q 
what is the lead lining in -
#apron 
#gloves and goggles
A 
#apron-0.25mm
#gloves and goggles-0.33mm
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21
Q

film processing done with gamma rays -

A

scintigraphy

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22
Q

collimeter consists of

A

lead cones,lead diaphragmand lead plates

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23
Q

cross section of xray cassette

A 
cassette front
screen support
intensifying screen
xray film
intensifying screen
screen support 
foam pad
cassette back
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24
Q

the flexible base of xray film consists of -

A

cellulose acetate or polyester

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25
Q

the emulsion on xray film consists of-

A

special gelatin of silver halide(AgBr)

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26
Q

the attenuation or absorption of xray is measured through the objects-

A

atomic number

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27
Q

name the film speed

A 
#standard or medium speed
#fast film speed
#ultra fast film speed
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28
Q

xray film for fine details of organ

A

nonscreen xray film

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29
Q

xray film for intra oral radiography

A

occlusal xra film

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30
Q

intensifying screen is made of -

A

calcium tungstate or zinc cadmium sulphide

31
Q

role of the grid

A

only allows primary radiation to pass and filters out secondary radiation

32
Q

name the types of grid-

A
  1. parallel grid or linear grid
  2. forcussed grid
  3. potterbucky grid/miving grid
33
Q

name the types of hangers

A

1.chain hangers

channel hangera

34
Q

what is the ideal temp for processing ?

A

68oc

35
Q

the phosphorus layer of intensifying screen is made of?

A

calcium tungstate,zinc cadmium sulphide,barium lead sulphate

36
Q

rare earth cassette is better than calcium tungstate cassete because-

A
  1. 60%higher absorption
  2. 20%higher conversion rates
  3. more speed hence exposure time is reduced by 15-20%
37
Q

basic types of phosphorus layers are-

A
  1. terbarium activated gadolinium oxysulphide
  2. terbarium “ yitrium “
  3. terbarium “ lantanum “
  4. thalium “ “ oxybromide
38
Q

chemical composition of developer-

A
  1. metol/hydroqinon/phenidine- reducing agent
  2. sodium sulphide-preservative
  3. sodium carbonate-hasten the process
  4. kbr/ki - to reduce the fog
39
Q

chemical composition of fixer-

A

1.sodium thiosulphate(clearing agent)
2.sodium sulphide
3.alum(hardening agent)
acetice acid(preservative)

40
Q

xray in motion is called-

A

fluroscopy

41
Q

the fluroscopic screen consists of -

A

phosphosilver activated zinc cadmium sulphide

42
Q

image intesifiers help in

A

intensifying the image by 5000-30,000 times

43
Q

the process of altering radiodensity of tissue or surrounding tissue -

A

contrast radiography

44
Q

whats are the agents used for ailimentary tract radiography-

A

barium sulphate(baritop,microtast)

45
Q

agents used for bronchography,myeloraphy,hysterosalphingoraphy(slow elemination)-

A

propyliodone

46
Q

agents to be excreated through bile-

A

iopanoic acid,meglumine iodipamide

47
Q

agents to be excreated out rapidly from body-

A

sodium diatrizoate,iopamidol

48
Q

dose of barium swallow for oesophagography and gastrography-

A 
#oesophagography-1-2ml/kgbw
#gastrography-25-30ml/kgbw
49
Q

name two positive contrast agents-

A

microopaque or barium swallow

50
Q

excessive mineralisation at the cortex of the bone

A

exostiosis

51
Q

the technique used to increase the bone length

A

elizore ring fixation

52
Q

joint mousse is -

A

the sluffing off of cartilage into synovial fluid

53
Q

what is roentgen signs?

A

NSOLMS -number,size,opacity,location,margin and shape

54
Q

sound range of ultra sound

A

20,000hz

1-10mhz(medical purpose)

55
Q

what are echoes

A

us rays thats hits surface and reflects back and gets converted to electrical rays is called as echoes

56
Q

what principle is used in usg?

A

pulse echo principle

57
Q

A mode displays the

A

distance from the transducer and amplitude

58
Q

principle for A mode usg

A

pulse echo principle

59
Q

b mode is represented as-

A

dots(grey scale imaging)

60
Q

TM mode represnts -

A

position and motion of an organ

61
Q

what type of uag is done in ecocardiography?

A

tm mode

62
Q

name the different types of tranducers-

A

linear array,convex probe,sector/phased array

63
Q

usg attenuation can be corrected by

A

time compensated gain (tcg)

64
Q

diff between acoustic shadow and acoustic enhancement?

A

AS-below a bone or gas a dark region

AE-next to fluid a bright area

65
Q

the bouncing back of echoes b/w transducer and patient

A

riverbation

66
Q

comet tail is seen in

A

air or fluid filled interfaces

67
Q

principle of doppler usg-

A

blood cells moved towards the transducer giver bright echoes and away from transducer gives weak echoes.

68
Q

xray imaging technique in which visible electrostatic patter is present in the surface photo conductor

A

xeroradiography

69
Q

name the photoconductor in xeroradiography

A

amorphous selenium

70
Q

what is nuclear scitigraphy?

A

it uses radioisotopes for detection of functional abnormalties

71
Q

ct scan is -

A

the cross-section of an organ is obtained through narrow xray beam passing through the organ. the internal structure of the organ can be identified

72
Q

the ct number is calibrated as

A

hounsfield unit(HU)

73
Q

which imaging is good for skeletal (skull)

A

CT

Regional surgery (12 decks)

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