Veterinary Diagnostic Technology Flashcards
Designed to spin a rotor, which holds the, samples, at a specific set speed measured in revolutions per minute (rpm).
Centrifuges
[2] Common types of Rotors
- Fixed
- Swinging bucket
A specialized chamber with a small precise grid used to perform manual cell counts when cells are suspended in a liquid medium.
Hemocytometer
An analytical method that correlates the degree of light refraction (refractive index) in a liquid with the amount of solids in the liquid.
Refractometer
Allows as user to keep track of the cell types observed and the total number of cells examined on a sample slide.
Differential cell counter
Most commonly used stain for blood smears and cytology samples.
Romanowski types stains
[2] Most common stains used in veterinary practices.
- Romanowski types stains
- Methylene blue (NMB) stain
It is used for microscopy need to be precleaned before packaging to avoid glass shards and greasy substances that accumulate on the slide during the manufacturing process.
Glass slides
[5] Types of tubes
[SRP, GB]
- Striped-red-and-gray topped tubes
- Red-topped tubes
- Purple-topped tubes
- Green-topped tubes
- Blue-topped tubes
collect serum; also known as serum separator tubes.
[tubes]
Striped-red-gray-topped tubes
collect serum; does not contain anticoagulant.
[tubes]
Red-topped tubes
Collect whole blood; contains ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA);
[tubes]
Purple-topped tubes
collect plasma; contains lithium heparin.
[tubes]
Green-topped tubes
contain 3.2% sodium citrate; dilutes the blood sample by 10%.
[tubes]
Blue-topped tubes
Diagnostic test panel that provides clinicians with a large amount of information about a patient’s peripheral blood parameters.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
[2] Components of Peripheral Blood
- Plasma
- Blood cells
Plasma from cats and dogs.
[color]
Colorless
Plasma from horses.
[color]
clear and light yellow
Plasma from cattle.
[color]
Clear and colorless or pale yellow
Blood cells have a limited life span and are continually being produced by a process called.
Hematopoiesis
Predominant cell type in the peripheral blood.
Red blood cells
Process of erythrocyte maturation.
Erythropoiesis
They originate in the bone marrow (and other sites of hematopoiesis) where they mature until they are released into the peripheral blood.
Erythrocytes
[4] Erythrocytes
[RRMR]
- Rubriblast
- Rubricytes
- Metarubricytes
- Reticulocytes
First identifiable immature form of an RBC.
[erythrocytes]
Rubriblast
Cytoplasm is slightly less basophilic than a rubriblast; round nucleus but lack a nucleolus.
[erythrocytes]
Rubricytes
Also called as nucleated red blood cells (nRBCs).
[erythrocytes]
Metarubricytes
Combination of blue and red staining in these cells, they commonly are called polychromatophils.
[erythrocytes]
Reticulocytes
[4] Erythrocytes morphology
[AP, BS]
- Anisocytosis
- Polychromasia
- Basophilic stippling
- Siderocytes
The term for differences in cell size.
[erythrocytes morphology]
Anisocytosis
The term for cells that stain with both basophilic and eosinophilic dyes.
Polychromasia
Dense aggregates of residual RNA remain in immature RBCs.
[erythrocytes morphology]
Basophilic stippling
RBCs that contain basophilic inclusions consistent with iron.
[erythrocytes morphology]
Siderocytes
Defined as a decreased number of RBCs in the peripheral blood. This causes a decrease in Hct, RBC count, and Hb.
Anemia
[2] Classification by bone marrow response.
- Regenerative response
- Non-regenerative response
Occurs when the bone marrow is responding to the anemia.
[classification by bone marrow response]
Regenerative response
Seen when erythropoiesis is not occurring during anemia.
[classification by bone marrow response]
Non-regenerative response
The loss of erythrocytes.
Hemorrhagic anemia
Caused by lysis of RBCs.
Hemolytic anemia
Occurs when antibodies and complement bind antigens on erythrocyte membranes.
IMHA
To RBCs occurs with several disease processes. These diseases induce intravascular hemolysis.
Physical damage
Occur when a patient that has received blood from a donor produces antibodies against the blood group antigens on the donor’s RBCs
Transfusion reactions
In dogs, there are approximately ___ blood groups named for different dog erythrocyte antigens (DEAs) on the RBCs.
[transfusion reactions]
13
Horses have over ___ blood factors that are placed into __ blood groups (A, C, D, K, P, Q, and U).
[transfusion reactions]
34, 7
Cattle have over ___ blood factors that are placed into ___ blood groups (A, B, C, F, J, L, M, S, Z, R’, and T’).
[transfusion reactions]
80, 11
Combines the patient’s serum with the donor’s RBCs to detect antibodies in the patient that will lyse the donor’s RBCs.
[erythron]
Major crossmatch
Important components of the immune system.
White blood cells
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are subtypes of granulocytes, which are derived from myeloid cells that originate in hematopoietic organs from a common precursor cell called a?
Myeloblast
The process of granulocyte maturation is called?
Myelopoiesis
[3] Subtypes of granulocytes.
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs.
[erythrocytes morphology]
Howell - Jolly bodies
Denatured and precipitated Hb that are caused by oxidative damage to the RBC.
[erythrocytes morphology]
Heinz bodies
Most common type of poikilocyte in a peripheral bood smear.
[erythrocytes morphology]
Echinocytes
RBCs with irregular spicules.
[erythrocytes morphology]
Acanthocytes
RBC fragments that indicate the RBCs have been sheared by intravascular fibrin or turbulent blood flow.
[erythrocytes morphology]
Schistocytes
[2] Types of automated hematology
- Impedance counters
- Flow cytometers
Measure the electrical impedance that occurs when cells pass through detection electrodes.
[automated hematology]
Impedance counters
Direct cells through the path of a laser beam. They detect the amount of light absorbed by the cell and the amount of light scatter that the cell creates as it passes through.
[automated hematology]
Flow cytometers
Diameter of a mature canine RBC.
7.0 mm
Percentage of the blood volume that is composed of erythrocytes.
HCT
Animals with low WBC counts.
Leukopenic
Animals with high WBC counts
Leukocytosis
May indicate stress, physiological response, or inflammation.
[leukon]
Neutrophilia
Increased numbers of circulating neutrophils compared to reference intervals.
[leukon]
Neutrophilia
Glucocorticoid mediated (exogenous or endogenous). Chronically ill patients will likely develop a stress leukon.
[leukon]
Stress leukon
Animals also may have an increased PCV, hyperglycemia, and increased numbers of RBCs with Howell–Jolly bodies.
[leukon]
Physiological leukocytosis
This change is most common in young cats.
[leukon]
Physiological leukocytosis
Caused by infectious or non-infectious inflammatory disorders.
[leukon]
Inflammatory leukon
Decrease in the number of neutrophils compared to a species-specific reference interval.
[leukon]
Neutropenia
Caused by severe inflammation or bone marrow damage.
[leukon]
Neutropenia
Increase in the number of eosinophils compared to a species-specific reference interval.
[leukon]
Eosinophilia
Decreased numbers of eosinophils compared to a species-specific reference interval.
[leukon]
Eosinopenia
Increase in the number of basophils compared to a species-specific reference interval.
[leukon]
Basophilia
Reported when there are increased numbers of monocytes compared to reference intervals.
[leukon]
Monocytosis
Platelet production is driven by?
Thrombopoietin
Platelet precursors are called ?
Megakaryocytes
