Clinical Chemistry Flashcards
They are more challenging to collect urine from as a free catch.
Cats
This technique is the best for collecting urine for culture.
Cystocentesis
It is performed by palpating and stabilizing the bladder and inserting a needle into the bladder and removing urine with an attached syringe.
Cytocentesis
Normal color of urine
Yellow
Due to red blood cells or hemoglobin.
[urine color]
Red urine
Indicates bilirubin
[urine color]
Dark yellow to brown
Due to hemoglobin or myoglobin.
[urine color]
Reddish brown
Any cloudiness in the urine indicates an ____ sediment with or without a pathologic sediment.
active
It can be detected in normal feline urine but in other species, this odor may be suggestive of liver disease.
Ammonia
It gives urine a very sweet odor.
Ketonuria
It can be used to determine the USG but it should be one equipped with the USG scale.
Refractometer
The specific gravity of water is?
1.000.
It is a term used to indicate an elevated USG and may occur if the patient is dehydrated. This term is not used commonly.
Hypersthenuria
A term used to indicate an increase in urine volume.
Polyuria
Used to describe decreased urine production.
Oliguria
Indicates that the patient is producing almost no urine and is always associated with disease.
Anuria
Urine chemistry can be measured on a?
Urine dipstick
This is a human-specific assay.
Leukocyte
CNan be seen in excited or scared animals, particularly cats or in patients that are chronically stressed.
Glucosuria
In ketones, normal urine is?
negative
This test is used to evaluate the amount of protein excreted in urine while considering the patient’s glomerular filtration rate or overall renal function.
Urine protein/creatinine (UPC) ratio
Always significant and indicate underlying RENAL damage.
[urine sediments]
Renal epithelial cells
quantified per high power field of magnification. >4–5 cells/hpf is considered abnormal.
[urine sediments]
Red blood cells
EPITHELIAL CELLS line the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and proximal urethra.
[urine sediments]
Transitional epithelial cells
Larger than red blood cells and they have a nucleus and many organelles and granules in their cytoplasm giving them a granular appearance.
[urine sediments]
White blood cells
These structures consist of PROTEIN and SLOUGHED RENAL tubular epithelial cells.
[urine sediments]
Epithelial casts
Often is the result of DEGENERATION of cellular casts or cellular debris. Their internal structure varies from fine to coarsely granular.
[urine sediments]
Granular casts
These casts are considered a PROGRESSION from GANULAR CASTS. They are easy to recognize with little internal structure.
[urine sediments]
Waxy casts
These occur with renal hemorrhage and are always considered PATHOLOGIC.
[urine sediments]
RBC casts
These casts are 100% protein with no internal structure and are challenging to identify.
[urine sediments]
Hyaline casts
Most common organisms identified in urine. Both cocci and rod-shaped bacteria can be identified.
[urine sediments]
Bacteria
Form in PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE or can be normal in certain breeds of dogs such as Dalmatians.
[urine sediments]
Ammonium biurate crystals
Seen in healthy dog and cat urine and are not necessarily an indication of disease unless the patient has evidence of stone (urolithiasis) formation.
[urine sediments]
Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals
Often the result of dissolving crystals.
[urine sediments]
Amorphous crystals
Commonly identified, especially in CANINE and FELINE urine. These structures are round and can be difficult to differentiate from RBCs.
[urine sediments]
Lipid droplets
Uncommon in veterinary patients. They can be seen in diseases associated with severe tissue damage such as nephritis or pyelonephritis.
[urine sediments]
Cholesterol crystals
