Safety & Hazard Flashcards
This standard applies to all exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials in any occupational setting.
Bloodborne pathogens
It defines hazardous substances and provides guidance for evaluating and communicating identified hazards.
Hazard communication
Requires the appointment of a chemical hygiene officer and the development of a chemical hygiene plan to reduce or eliminate occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Laboratory standard
An approach to infection control in which all human blood, tissue, and most fuids are handled as if known to be infectious for the human immunodefciency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens.
Universal precaution
Expose an unprotected individual to bacteria, viruses, parasites, other biological entities that can result in injury.
Biological hazard
Described four levels of biosafety, which consist of combinations of laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment, and laboratory facilities.
CDC & NIH
Basically a chemical reaction that involves the rapid oxidation of a combustible material or fuel, with the subsequent liberation of heat and light. In the clinical chemistry laboratory, all the elements essential for fire to begin are present—fuel, heat or ignition source, and oxygen (air).
Fire hazard
Ordinary combustible solid materials, such as paper, wood, plastic, and fabric.
[classification of fire]
Class A
flammable, liquids/gases and combustible petroleum products.
[classification of fire]
Class B
energized, electrical, equipment.
[classification of fire]
Class C
combustible/reactive, metals, such as magnesium, sodium, and potassium.
[classification of fire]
Class D
It can result in death, shock, or burns.
Direct hazards
It can result in fire or explosion.
Indirect hazards
These physical actions can, over time, contribute to repetitive strain disorders such as tenosynovitis, bursitis, and ganglion cysts.
Ergonomic hazard
It is essential that only properly trained personnel work with radioisotopes. Good work practices must consistently be employed to ensure that contamination and inadvertent internalization are avoided.
Personal protection
1.7 million HAIs, with almost 100,000 deaths.
2000
722,000 documented HAIs, with 75,000 deaths.
2011
687,000 HAIs, with 72,000 deaths.
2015
More than 119,000 had bloodstream staph infections, almost 20,000 died.
2017
It may originate from an exogenous or endogenous source as part of the natural fora.
Bacteria
Occurs when there is a breakdown of the host immune system functions.
Opportunistic bacterial infection
Include coagulase- negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species,
and Enterococcus species (e.g. faecalis, faecium)
Gram positive organism
Include species of the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter species; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Burkholderia cepacian.
Gram negative organism
Commonly seen in HAI and are associated with significant mortality.
Multidrug-resistant bacteria
Usually associated with opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and those with indwelling devices, such as central lines or urinary catheters.
Fungal pathogens
The most commonly encountered fungal organisms associated with HAI.
Candida species
Poses a serious problem as a globally emerging multidrug-resistant organism with high morbidity and mortality due to difculty with diagnoses and high rates of treatment failure.
Candida auris
Infections due to viral pathogens are the least reported, making up 1-5% of all HAIs pathogens.
Viruses
(also known as a central venous catheter) is a catheter (tube) that doctors often place in large vein in the neck, chest, or groin to give medication or fluids or to collect blood for medical tests.
Central line
They are different from IVs because it access a major vein that is close to the heart.
Central lines
Commonly used in intensive care units.
Central lines
Typically occurs when bacteria on the skin proliferate along the external portion of the catheter toward the intravascular part. Contamination of the CVC during insertion or manipulation process or by hematogenous seeding are other ways CLABSI can occur.
CLABSI
3 types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI)
- Superficial SSI
- Deep SSI
- Organ or space-specific SSI
Involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissues;
[SSI]
Superficial SSI
Involves the muscle or facia.
[SSI]
Deep SSI
Occupy the anatomic vicinity of surgery.
[SSI]
Organ or space specific SSI
A drainage tube that is inserted into the urinary bladder through the urethra, is left in place, and is connected to a closed collection system.
Indwelling urinary catheter
A urine containment device that fits over or adheres to the genitalia and is attached to a urinary drainage bag.
External catheter
Surgically inserted into the bladder through an incision above the pubis.
Suprapubic catheter
CAUTI means
Catheter - associated Urinary Tract Infections
It is an infection involving any part of the urinary system, including urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidney.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Occur when bacteria track along the extraluminal surface of the catheter and enter from the urethral meatus to the bladder.
[CAUTI]
Extraluminal infections
Arises when there is urinary stasis, usually due to blocked drainage or ascending infection from the intraluminal side of a contaminated catheter.
[CAUTI]
Intraluminal infections
The most common CAUTI pathogen.
E.coli
VAP means
Ventilator - associated pneumonia
A nosocomial pneumonia that occurs in patients who have been on a mechanical respirator for more than 48 hours.
Ventilator - associated pneumonia (VAP)
CDI means
Clostridioides Difficile Infection
The single most common organism encountered in HAI. CDI causes antibiotic associated diarrhea and colitis.
C. difficile
Estimated VAP to occur in mechanically ventilated patients.
9% - 27%
Estimated mortality rate for VAP in earlier studies.
33% - 50%
Estimate mortality rate for VAP based on 2013 studies.
9% - 13%
The most critical risk factor for CAUTI.
Duration of catheterization.
Are injurious to the skin or eyes by direct contact or to the tissue of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts if inhaled or ingested.
Corrosive chemicals
Are substances that, under certain conditions, can spontaneously explode or ignite or that evolve heat or flammable or explosive gases.
Reactive chemicals
Are substances that have been determined to be cancer-causing agents.
Carcinogens
A common example of a known carcinogen.
Benzidine
