Veterianry Vaccines Flashcards
What a vaccines mode of action
Stimulate adaptive immune response
Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
What are Humoral immunity
Antibody based
What is cell mediated based n
T cells
What parts of pathogens to vaccines stimulate
Epitopes - parts of antigens
What is Humoral immunity measured in
Titrations
Does Humoral immunity cause high levels of antibodies and where
Yes in the blood stream and mucosa
What happens after a Humoral vaccination
Antibodies produced constantly by plasma cells after vaccination therefore enhanced during secondary exposure by memory B cells
How do antibodes affect pathogens
Neutralisation
Opsonisation
Anti-body dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
Activation component
What is neutralisation
How much neutralising antibodies are available and which can bind pathogens ad prevent it from being able to infect the host cells
What is opsonisation
Where antibodies bind to pathogens which helps the immune system see the pathogen better
What is cell mediated immunity
Two major types of memory types T cells
Cd4+
What is the basic role of vaccines
Elicit adaptive immune response, antibody production and memory t cells
What needs to be bought before giving a vaccine
Co-infection
Nutrtional stat
Stres
Age
What needs to be considered when delivering vaccines
Number of doses given
Amount of antigen
Timing of siease
Route of dose
Adjuvant used
What is n adjuvant
Any substance that when given an antigen enhances the immmune repsonse to that antigen
Shag o adjuvants do
Reduce he mount o antigen required to induce protection
Increase the speed and magnitude of the response
What is alum - depot anjuvant
Slowly releases antigen
Helps stimulate immune response and get T and B cells to be proliferate
Depot adjunct keeps vaccine in same place for longer
What is the vaccine classification
Whole organism vaccine - inactivated or attenuated
Sub-unit vaccine - da protein, mRNA vaccine
What is good about live attenuated vaccine
More effective at inducing immunity
More likely induce robust cell existed and Humoral immunity
General induce protection from single dose
Sue - induces clinical sign
What is god about inactivated/killed vaccines
Unable to infect, replicate or induce clinical signs
Usually only systematic immunity
Less likely to induce Hal immunity
Require multiple doses even in adults
What is good about mucosal vaccines
Safer
High antigen dose
Local immunity
Dual immunity
What is good/bad about intramuscular injection
Chance of infection
Low antigen dose
Systematic immunity
Wat is a core vaccine
Those vaccine where all dogs and cats regardless of circumstances or geographical location should recieve
Routin vaccination in dogs
Primary course 2 doses - 2-4qweeks apart
Second dose over 12 weeks of age
Annual boosters for leptospirosis, and paro
Routine vaccinations in cas
Primar course 24 weeks apart
Second dose less than 12 weeks old - then 1st year booster
What are vaccines based on risk
Location, breeding and travel
What do you need to remember about young aniamls before given vaccines
Newborns dont have a functioning immune system but is not primed
Passive immunity is given by mother
May prevent vaccines from working
What happens if you need to protect newborn animals against a disease
Inject mother with vaccine during its pregnancy so the animal is protected until it is able to get. Vaccine or is no longer susceptible to getting the disease
Examples of maternally give vaccines
Rotavirus in foals
Coli, coronavirus and rotavirus in calves
Herpes virus in puppies
What are vaccine problems
Vaccines may not cover all strains
Adverse reactions
We dont know if animals are artificially or naturally infected especially when it’s to in cows
Why should you vaccinate naive animals
Aim of vaccine - prevent virus infection
Give live vaccines - best at protecting
Why should you vaccinate latently affected animals
Reduce viral shedding
Use inactivated IBR vaccines - will protect naive animas in herd
Why should you vaccinate latently affected animals
Reduce viral shedding
Use inactivated IBR vaccines - will protect naive animas in herd
Naive herd
Every 6 months with live vaccines to stimulate natural killer cells
What if the vaccine doesnt work
Check vaccination used
Post mortem on aniamls who died after vaccine given
What are biosecurity control methods
Vaccination not always possible
Don’t bring in new animals
Do not bring in sick animals
Ululated equipped quarantine facility and plan
Prompt diagnosis, treatment and further action needed
