Veterianry Vaccines

Question 1

What a vaccines mode of action

Answer 1

Stimulate adaptive immune response
Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immunity

Question 2

What are Humoral immunity

Answer 2

Antibody based

Question 3

What is cell mediated based n

Answer 3

T cells

Question 4

What parts of pathogens to vaccines stimulate

Answer 4

Epitopes - parts of antigens

Question 5

What is Humoral immunity measured in

Answer 5

Titrations

Question 6

Does Humoral immunity cause high levels of antibodies and where

Answer 6

Yes in the blood stream and mucosa

Question 7

What happens after a Humoral vaccination

Answer 7

Antibodies produced constantly by plasma cells after vaccination therefore enhanced during secondary exposure by memory B cells

Question 8

How do antibodes affect pathogens

Answer 8

Neutralisation
Opsonisation
Anti-body dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
Activation component

Question 9

What is neutralisation

Answer 9

How much neutralising antibodies are available and which can bind pathogens ad prevent it from being able to infect the host cells

Question 10

What is opsonisation

Answer 10

Where antibodies bind to pathogens which helps the immune system see the pathogen better

Question 11

What is cell mediated immunity

Answer 11

Two major types of memory types T cells
Cd4+

Question 12

What is the basic role of vaccines

Answer 12

Elicit adaptive immune response, antibody production and memory t cells

Question 13

What needs to be bought before giving a vaccine

Answer 13

Co-infection
Nutrtional stat
Stres
Age

Question 14

What needs to be considered when delivering vaccines

Answer 14

Number of doses given
Amount of antigen
Timing of siease
Route of dose
Adjuvant used

Question 15

What is n adjuvant

Answer 15

Any substance that when given an antigen enhances the immmune repsonse to that antigen

Question 16

Shag o adjuvants do

Answer 16

Reduce he mount o antigen required to induce protection
Increase the speed and magnitude of the response

Question 17

What is alum - depot anjuvant

Answer 17

Slowly releases antigen
Helps stimulate immune response and get T and B cells to be proliferate
Depot adjunct keeps vaccine in same place for longer

Question 18

What is the vaccine classification

Answer 18

Whole organism vaccine - inactivated or attenuated
Sub-unit vaccine - da protein, mRNA vaccine

Question 19

What is good about live attenuated vaccine

Answer 19

More effective at inducing immunity
More likely induce robust cell existed and Humoral immunity
General induce protection from single dose
Sue - induces clinical sign

Question 20

What is god about inactivated/killed vaccines

Answer 20

Unable to infect, replicate or induce clinical signs
Usually only systematic immunity
Less likely to induce Hal immunity
Require multiple doses even in adults

Question 21

What is good about mucosal vaccines

Answer 21

Safer
High antigen dose
Local immunity
Dual immunity

Question 22

What is good/bad about intramuscular injection

Answer 22

Chance of infection
Low antigen dose
Systematic immunity

Question 23

Wat is a core vaccine

Answer 23

Those vaccine where all dogs and cats regardless of circumstances or geographical location should recieve

Question 24

Routin vaccination in dogs

Answer 24

Primary course 2 doses - 2-4qweeks apart
Second dose over 12 weeks of age
Annual boosters for leptospirosis, and paro

Question 25

Routine vaccinations in cas

Answer 25

Primar course 24 weeks apart
Second dose less than 12 weeks old - then 1st year booster

Question 26

What are vaccines based on risk

Answer 26

Location, breeding and travel

Question 27

What do you need to remember about young aniamls before given vaccines

Answer 27

Newborns dont have a functioning immune system but is not primed
Passive immunity is given by mother
May prevent vaccines from working

Question 28

What happens if you need to protect newborn animals against a disease

Answer 28

Inject mother with vaccine during its pregnancy so the animal is protected until it is able to get. Vaccine or is no longer susceptible to getting the disease

Question 29

Examples of maternally give vaccines

Answer 29

Rotavirus in foals
Coli, coronavirus and rotavirus in calves
Herpes virus in puppies

Question 30

What are vaccine problems

Answer 30

Vaccines may not cover all strains
Adverse reactions
We dont know if animals are artificially or naturally infected especially when it’s to in cows

Question 31

Why should you vaccinate naive animals

Answer 31

Aim of vaccine - prevent virus infection
Give live vaccines - best at protecting

Question 32

Why should you vaccinate latently affected animals

Answer 32

Reduce viral shedding
Use inactivated IBR vaccines - will protect naive animas in herd

Question 33

Why should you vaccinate latently affected animals

Answer 33

Reduce viral shedding
Use inactivated IBR vaccines - will protect naive animas in herd

Question 34

Naive herd

Answer 34

Every 6 months with live vaccines to stimulate natural killer cells

Question 35

What if the vaccine doesnt work

Answer 35

Check vaccination used
Post mortem on aniamls who died after vaccine given

Question 36

What are biosecurity control methods

Answer 36

Vaccination not always possible
Don’t bring in new animals
Do not bring in sick animals
Ululated equipped quarantine facility and plan
Prompt diagnosis, treatment and further action needed