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VP Exam 2 > Vet Term > Flashcards

Vet Term Flashcards

1
Q

testis produces what?

A

produce spermatozoa

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2
Q

epididymidis (2 cells)

A

sertoli cells

leydig cells

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3
Q

Steroli cells function

A

nourish spermatozoa

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4
Q

Leydig cells produce what?

A

androgens

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5
Q

ligature

A

tying off a vesicles

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6
Q

descent

A

testis from from abdomen to scrotum

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7
Q

retention

A

testis doesn’t descend fully

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8
Q

abdominal retention

A

testicle still in abdominal cavity

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9
Q

incomplete abdominal retention

A

testicle hasn’t fully descended from the abdominal cavity

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10
Q

inguinal retention

A

testicle doesn’t drop from the urinary tract

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11
Q

epithelial cells definition

A

covering or bordering body or organ
cell free surface contacts environment
connected to underlying tissue by a basal membrane

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12
Q

Epistaxis

A

nose bleed

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13
Q

Exocrine

A

chemicals via ducts to outside body

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

internally secreting

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15
Q

hormone glands (7)

A 
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
pituitary
ovaries/testes
thymus
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16
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

regulate the rate of metabolism

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17
Q

Hypothyroidism effects

A

Not secreting enough hormones to regulate metabolism= not enough metabolism
hair loss
weight gain

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18
Q

hyperthyroidism effects

A

secretes too much hormones, so and excess of metabolism
weight loss
usually adenoma

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19
Q

parathyroid gland

A

mobilizes calcium from bones

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20
Q

hyperparathyroidism effects

A

too much calcium in the blood
hypercalcemia
osteopenia

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21
Q

hypoarathyroidism

A

not enough calcium in the blood

tetany

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22
Q

parts of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

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23
Q

adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
androogens

24
Q

hyperadrenocorticism

A

crushing’s disease
primary (adrenal gland hyperplasia)
secondary (ACTH- pituitary)

25
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism effects

A

hair loss

26
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism

A 
Addison's disease (adrena insufficiency)
decreases glucocorticoids (inability to respond to stress)
decreased aldosterone (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, decrease blood volume)
27
Q

What is the pituitary gland controlled by?

A

hypothalamus

28
Q

Anterior pituitary roles (5)

A 
growth hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
gonadotropic hormones
prolactin
29
Q

Posterior pituitary roles (3)

A

stores and releases hormones secreated by hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

30
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates reabsorption of water from kidneys

31
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

polyuria and polydipsia
lack of ability to respond to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus)
decreased ADH (central diabetes insipidus

32
Q

cryptorchidism definition

A

an animal that doesn’t have both testes drop completely

33
Q

What is the endocrine responsible for?

A

coordinating the integrate cellular activity within the whole body

34
Q

What is the endocrine system function controlled by? (3)

A

Hormones delivered through circulation
hormones produced locally
by direct neuroendocrine stimulation

35
Q

what 3 components make up the core of the endocrine system?

A

endocrine glands
hormones
target organ

36
Q

communication among the different organs is ensured through what?

A

the release of hormones or neurotransmitters

37
Q

what are the 9 classical endocrine glands?

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroid
pineal
pancreas
adrenal glands
ovaries and testes
38
Q

what are the 4 non classical endocrine glands?

A

heart
intestines
kidney
placenta

39
Q

where are hormones released from? (3)

A 
endocrine glands
brain
other organs (heart and adipose tissue)
40
Q

definition of a hormone

A

chemical product, released in very small amounts from the cell that exert a biological actin on a target cell

41
Q

what are the 6 chemical messengers?

A 
neurotransmitters
endocrine hormones
neuroendocrine hormones
paracrine hormones
autocrines
cytokines
42
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released by axon terminals of neurons into the synaptic junctions
act locally to control nerve functions

43
Q

endocrine hormones

A

released by glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood
influence the function of target cells at another location in the body

44
Q

neurodendocrine hormones

A

secreted by neuron into the circulating blood

influence the function of target cells at another location in the body

45
Q

paracrine hormones

A

secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells of a different type

46
Q

autocrines

A

secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produce them

47
Q

cytokines

A

peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid

can function as autocrine, paracrine or endocrine hormones

48
Q

protein or peptide hormones characteristics (5)

A 
the majority of hormones
synthesized in the Golgi and packed into secretory granules 
circulate unbound in the blood
half-life= 30 min
bind to receptors in the cell membrane
49
Q

amines characteristics (5)

A 
derived from the AA tyrosine
hydrophilic (except thyroid)
circulate unbound in the blood
half life depends on the hormone
binds to cell membrane or nuclear receptors
50
Q

steroid hormones characteristics (5)

A 
derived from cholesterol
produced by adrenal cortex, gonads and placenta
transported by proteins
half- life = 30-90 min
bind to intracellular receptors
51
Q

that are the characteristics of cells that produce steroid hormones?? (3)

A

lipids droplets with cholesterol esters
mitochondrion
smoother ER

52
Q

hormone transport- free or unbound form characteristics (3)

A

active form
binds to receptor
exert the biological effects

53
Q

hormone transport- bound to carrier proteins characteristics (2)

A

serve as a circulating reservoir- replenish concentration of hormones
liver is responsible for production

54
Q

what are the three types of cell surface receptors? and what hormones use them? (2)

A

g-protein
ion-channel
enzyme
used by- peptide and amine hormones (except thyroid)

55
Q

two types of intracellular receptors and what hormones use them? (4)

A

cytoplasmic
nuclear
used by steroid, thyroid, retinoid, vitamin D

56
Q

what is hormone clearance?

A

the rate of the removal of the hormone from the blood metabolic clearance rate

57
Q

what are the four ways a hormone is cleared from the plasma?

A

metabolic destruction by tissues
binding with tissues
excretion by the liver into the bile
excretion by the kidney into the urine

VP Exam 2 (10 decks)

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