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VP Exam 2 > Vet Term > Flashcards

Vet Term Flashcards

1
Q

testis produces what?

A

produce spermatozoa

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2
Q

epididymidis (2 cells)

A

sertoli cells

leydig cells

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3
Q

Steroli cells function

A

nourish spermatozoa

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4
Q

Leydig cells produce what?

A

androgens

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5
Q

ligature

A

tying off a vesicles

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6
Q

descent

A

testis from from abdomen to scrotum

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7
Q

retention

A

testis doesn’t descend fully

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8
Q

abdominal retention

A

testicle still in abdominal cavity

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9
Q

incomplete abdominal retention

A

testicle hasn’t fully descended from the abdominal cavity

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10
Q

inguinal retention

A

testicle doesn’t drop from the urinary tract

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11
Q

epithelial cells definition

A

covering or bordering body or organ
cell free surface contacts environment
connected to underlying tissue by a basal membrane

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12
Q

Epistaxis

A

nose bleed

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13
Q

Exocrine

A

chemicals via ducts to outside body

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

internally secreting

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15
Q

hormone glands (7)

A 
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
pituitary
ovaries/testes
thymus
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16
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

regulate the rate of metabolism

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17
Q

Hypothyroidism effects

A

Not secreting enough hormones to regulate metabolism= not enough metabolism
hair loss
weight gain

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18
Q

hyperthyroidism effects

A

secretes too much hormones, so and excess of metabolism
weight loss
usually adenoma

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19
Q

parathyroid gland

A

mobilizes calcium from bones

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20
Q

hyperparathyroidism effects

A

too much calcium in the blood
hypercalcemia
osteopenia

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21
Q

hypoarathyroidism

A

not enough calcium in the blood

tetany

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22
Q

parts of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

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23
Q

adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
androogens

24
Q

hyperadrenocorticism

A

crushing’s disease
primary (adrenal gland hyperplasia)
secondary (ACTH- pituitary)

25
Hyperadrenocorticism effects
hair loss
26
Hypoadrenocorticism
``` Addison's disease (adrena insufficiency) decreases glucocorticoids (inability to respond to stress) decreased aldosterone (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, decrease blood volume) ```
27
What is the pituitary gland controlled by?
hypothalamus
28
Anterior pituitary roles (5)
``` growth hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone gonadotropic hormones prolactin ```
29
Posterior pituitary roles (3)
stores and releases hormones secreated by hypothalamus antidiuretic hormone oxytocin
30
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates reabsorption of water from kidneys
31
Diabetes insipidus
polyuria and polydipsia lack of ability to respond to ADH (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) decreased ADH (central diabetes insipidus
32
cryptorchidism definition
an animal that doesn't have both testes drop completely
33
What is the endocrine responsible for?
coordinating the integrate cellular activity within the whole body
34
What is the endocrine system function controlled by? (3)
Hormones delivered through circulation hormones produced locally by direct neuroendocrine stimulation
35
what 3 components make up the core of the endocrine system?
endocrine glands hormones target organ
36
communication among the different organs is ensured through what?
the release of hormones or neurotransmitters
37
what are the 9 classical endocrine glands?
``` hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid parathyroid pineal pancreas adrenal glands ovaries and testes ```
38
what are the 4 non classical endocrine glands?
heart intestines kidney placenta
39
where are hormones released from? (3)
``` endocrine glands brain other organs (heart and adipose tissue) ```
40
definition of a hormone
chemical product, released in very small amounts from the cell that exert a biological actin on a target cell
41
what are the 6 chemical messengers?
``` neurotransmitters endocrine hormones neuroendocrine hormones paracrine hormones autocrines cytokines ```
42
neurotransmitters
released by axon terminals of neurons into the synaptic junctions act locally to control nerve functions
43
endocrine hormones
released by glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood influence the function of target cells at another location in the body
44
neurodendocrine hormones
secreted by neuron into the circulating blood | influence the function of target cells at another location in the body
45
paracrine hormones
secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells of a different type
46
autocrines
secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produce them
47
cytokines
peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid | can function as autocrine, paracrine or endocrine hormones
48
protein or peptide hormones characteristics (5)
``` the majority of hormones synthesized in the Golgi and packed into secretory granules circulate unbound in the blood half-life= 30 min bind to receptors in the cell membrane ```
49
amines characteristics (5)
``` derived from the AA tyrosine hydrophilic (except thyroid) circulate unbound in the blood half life depends on the hormone binds to cell membrane or nuclear receptors ```
50
steroid hormones characteristics (5)
``` derived from cholesterol produced by adrenal cortex, gonads and placenta transported by proteins half- life = 30-90 min bind to intracellular receptors ```
51
that are the characteristics of cells that produce steroid hormones?? (3)
lipids droplets with cholesterol esters mitochondrion smoother ER
52
hormone transport- free or unbound form characteristics (3)
active form binds to receptor exert the biological effects
53
hormone transport- bound to carrier proteins characteristics (2)
serve as a circulating reservoir- replenish concentration of hormones liver is responsible for production
54
what are the three types of cell surface receptors? and what hormones use them? (2)
g-protein ion-channel enzyme used by- peptide and amine hormones (except thyroid)
55
two types of intracellular receptors and what hormones use them? (4)
cytoplasmic nuclear used by steroid, thyroid, retinoid, vitamin D
56
what is hormone clearance?
the rate of the removal of the hormone from the blood metabolic clearance rate
57
what are the four ways a hormone is cleared from the plasma?
metabolic destruction by tissues binding with tissues excretion by the liver into the bile excretion by the kidney into the urine

VP Exam 2 (10 decks)

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